{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:27:01Z","timestamp":1790209621048,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":302,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The human microbiota plays a vital role in maintaining physiological homeostasis and overall health. Microbial communities colonize distinct anatomical sites, including the gut, oral cavity, respiratory tract, and skin, where they engage in symbiotic interactions with the host. These site-specific microbial communities contribute to essential functions such as nutrient metabolism, vitamin and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) synthesis, immune regulation, and epithelial barrier integrity. Disruption of this balance, known as dysbiosis, is increasingly linked to a wide range of diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), obesity, diabetes, and cancer. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the human microbiota, highlighting its role in vitamin biosynthesis, the gut\u2013brain axis, and immune modulation. 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