{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T05:03:49Z","timestamp":1784610229891,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections and a major nosocomial pathogen, with biofilm formation contributing to significantly higher morbidity and mortality. In atopic dermatitis (AD), where skin barrier dysfunction and microbial dysbiosis are common features,\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    abundance and biofilm formation are associated with disease severity and flare recurrence. We previously demonstrated that a lysate of\n                    <jats:italic>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    GG (LGG)- a common human commensal and widely used probiotic strain- can inhibit\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    attachment to human keratinocytes by mechanisms including displacement and competitive exclusion. In this study, we extended these findings utilizing organ-cultured human skin to evaluate the protective effects of LGG lysate against\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    challenge in a physiologically relevant model. LGG lysate preserved skin integrity by preventing\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    penetration, proliferation, eDNA release and biofilm maturation. These effects were dose-dependent and effective when the lysate was applied from 24 hours pre-\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    inoculation to up to 3 hours post inoculation. Together, these data provide mechanistic insight into microbiome- pathogen interactions at the skin surface which could be exploited for therapeutic potential, particularly in the prevention of nosocomial\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    skin infections and mitigating\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    -driven flares in AD.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1885754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T04:20:39Z","timestamp":1784607639000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG lysate inhibits Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation in human skin explants"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Abigail E.","family":"Elias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester","place":["Manchester, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecile","family":"El-Chami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester","place":["Manchester, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Bagnall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioimaging Core Facility, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester","place":["Manchester, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"McBain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester","place":["Manchester, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine A.","family":"O\u2019Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester","place":["Manchester, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00327","article-title":"Lipoteichoic acid inhibits Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation","volume":"9","author":"Ahn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. 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