{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T06:05:28Z","timestamp":1784786728847,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                      relies on two-component signal transduction systems to adapt to the host intestinal microenvironment. This study investigated the role and regulatory mechanism of the BaeS\/BaeR two-component system in intestinal colonization and antimicrobial peptide resistance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A\n                      <jats:italic>baeS\/baeR<\/jats:italic>\n                      deletion mutant and complemented strain were constructed in the O1 El Tor clinical isolate EL2382. Intestinal colonization, Caco-2 cell adhesion, histopathological analysis, transcriptomic profiling, qRT-PCR, western blotting, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR, and antimicrobial peptide resistance assays were performed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Expression of baeS and baeR was markedly induced during intestinal colonization and adhesion to Caco-2 cells. The\n                      <jats:italic>\u0394baeS\/baeR<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutant exhibited significantly impaired bacterial adhesion and\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      colonization, accompanied by reduced histopathological scores, and these phenotypes were restored by genetic complementation. Transcriptomic analysis identified\n                      <jats:italic>salX<\/jats:italic>\n                      (VC2553), which encodes an ABC transporter involved in antimicrobial peptide homeostasis, as a key downstream target of BaeS\/BaeR. BaeR bound to the\n                      <jats:italic>salX<\/jats:italic>\n                      promoter and activated its transcription, and deletion-mapping electrophoretic mobility shift assays localized a putative BaeR-responsive sequence to 5\u2032-TTCTTTTT-3\u2032 within the \u221210\/\u221235 spacer region. Similar to the\n                      <jats:italic>\u0394baeS\/baeR<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutant, the\n                      <jats:italic>salX<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutant exhibited reduced resistance to human defensin 5 and impaired intestinal colonization. L-arginine exposure was associated with dose-dependent activation of the BaeS\/BaeR pathway and BaeS\/BaeR-dependent induction of\n                      <jats:italic>salX<\/jats:italic>\n                      , although a direct physical interaction between L-arginine and BaeS was not established.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings identify an L-arginine-associated BaeS\/BaeR\u2013SalX regulatory pathway that promotes antimicrobial peptide resistance and intestinal colonization by\n                      <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , providing new insight into host cue-associated regulation of bacterial colonization fitness.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1886586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T05:37:43Z","timestamp":1784785063000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The BaeS\/BaeR two-component system enhances Vibrio cholerae intestinal colonization by upregulating salX"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Qiushi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Medicine Innovation Center, Cancer Institute of The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University","place":["Qingdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoya","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Medicine Innovation Center, Cancer Institute of The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University","place":["Qingdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongquan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Center, Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linyuan","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Medicine Innovation Center, Cancer Institute of The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University","place":["Qingdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongming","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Medicine Innovation Center, Cancer Institute of The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University","place":["Qingdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Medicine Innovation Center, Cancer Institute of The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University","place":["Qingdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adx9680","article-title":"Structures of Vibrio cholerae transcription complexes reveal how ToxR and TcpP recruit the RNA polymerase and activate virulence genes","volume":"12","author":"Alcaide-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. 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