{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T05:19:06Z","timestamp":1787548746075,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009609","name":"Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HIM\/2018\/072 SSA. 1527, HIM\/2021\/031 SSA. 1720, HIM\/2022\/014 SSA. 177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIM\/2018\/072 SSA. 1527, HIM\/2021\/031 SSA. 1720, HIM\/2022\/014 SSA. 177"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009609","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Secretar\u00eda de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["319563"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["319563"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n \n Enterotoxigenic\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n (ETEC) expresses a diverse set of noncanonical genes that increase its virulence and are involved in mucin degradation, epithelial invasion, and biofilm formation. Collectively, these factors enable effective intestinal colonization, leading to watery diarrhea.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Aim<\/jats:title>\n \n This study investigated the prevalence of the noncanonical genes\n tia<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n tib<\/jats:italic>\n A, and\n leo<\/jats:italic>\n A and their effects on the ability of ETEC to adhere, invade, and form biofilms.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 244 ETEC strains were analyzed by PCR to confirm the presence of noncanonical virulence genes (\n tia<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n tibA<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n leoA<\/jats:italic>\n ) and toxins, including heat-labile toxins (LTs) and\/or heat-stable toxins (STs). The ability of the strains to adhere to and invade HT-29 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (large intestine) and HuTu80 duodenal adenocarcinoma cells (small intestine) was evaluated, along with their ability to form biofilms. The susceptibility of these strains to 18 antibiotics was evaluated in accordance with the Clinical &amp; Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2025 guidelines.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Our data revealed that the\n tia<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n tibA<\/jats:italic>\n and\n leoA<\/jats:italic>\n genes were amplified in 11.34% (11\/97), 15.46% (15\/97), and 7.21% (7\/97) of the ETEC strains, respectively. ETEC\n \n tia\n +<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:italic>\n strains showed adherence values ranging from 3.6 \u00d7 10\n 5<\/jats:sup>\n to 34.1 \u00d7 10\n 5<\/jats:sup>\n CFUs\/mL in HT-29 cells and from 4.1 \u00d7 10\n 5<\/jats:sup>\n to 16.6 \u00d7 10\n 5<\/jats:sup>\n CFUs\/mL in HuTu80 cells. ETEC\n tib<\/jats:italic>\n A\n \n +<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:italic>\n strains exhibited adherence values ranging from 11.16 \u00d7 10\n 5<\/jats:sup>\n to 65.1 \u00d7 10\n 5<\/jats:sup>\n CFUs\/mL in HT-29 cells and from 5.6 \u00d7 10\n 5<\/jats:sup>\n to 27.1 \u00d7 10\n 5<\/jats:sup>\n CFUs\/mL in HuTu80 cells. Among the ETEC\n tia<\/jats:italic>\n +<\/jats:sup>\n strains, 54.54% (6\/11) were invasive, with invasion frequencies ranging 0.17% and 1.01% in HT-29 cells and between 0.20% and 0.404% in HuTu80 cells. Between the strains expressing the\n tib<\/jats:italic>\n A gene, 47.05% carried both LTs and STs. Among the ETEC\n tib<\/jats:italic>\n A\n +<\/jats:sup>\n strains, 20% were strongly biofilm-producing, 13.33% were moderately biofilm-producing, and 66.66% were weakly biofilm-producing. ETEC\n \n tia\n +<\/jats:sup>\n \/tib\n <\/jats:italic>\n A\n +<\/jats:sup>\n strains exhibited high rates of multidrug resistance (MDR).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Our data suggest that noncanonical ETEC strains are highly efficient because their adhesion genes (\n tia<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n tib<\/jats:italic>\n A, and\n leo<\/jats:italic>\n A), toxins (\n lt<\/jats:italic>\n and\n st<\/jats:italic>\n ), and adherence and biofilm-forming capabilities work together to cause infection, even in the absence of some classical virulence factors.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1892042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T04:23:42Z","timestamp":1787545422000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence of noncanonical virulence factors in the adherence and invasion by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in the small and large intestines"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Karina","family":"Espinosa-Mazariego","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Bacteriolog\u00eda Intestinal, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara A.","family":"Ochoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Bacteriolog\u00eda Intestinal, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Arellano-Galindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Virolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica y Experimental, Universidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rigoberto","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Molecular e Histocompatibilidad, Hospital General \u201cDr. Manuel Gea Gonz\u00e1lez\u201d","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armando","family":"Navarro-Oca\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Salud P\u00fablica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Zavala-Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Cl\u00ednico y Banco de Sangre, Instituto Nacional de Neurolog\u00eda y Neurocirug\u00eda","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariadnna","family":"Cruz-C\u00f3rdova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias \u00d3micas y Epidemiolog\u00eda Microbiana, Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Xicohtencatl-Cortes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Bacteriolog\u00eda Intestinal, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065500","article-title":"Genome-wide analysis of antigen 43 (Ag43) variants: new insights in their diversity, distribution and prevalence in bacteria","volume":"24","author":"Ageorges","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. 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