{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T05:16:21Z","timestamp":1788498981123,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005639","name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005639","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are primary vectors of public health pathogens, yet their core viromes remain poorly characterized, particularly in Neotropical sylvatic lineages. This study investigated the RNA virome of multiple mosquito species across urban-to-forest gradients in S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil, including neglected sylvatic taxa such as\n                      <jats:italic>Sabethes, Psorophora, Shannoniana<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Wyeomyia<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The RNA virome of multiple mosquito species was investigated across urban-to-forest gradients in S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil. Ecological analyses were performed to assess the effects of host taxonomy and environment on virome composition. Network analysis was conducted to investigate virus\u2013host associations and viral sharing across ecological interfaces.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our analysis identified 919 viral contigs across 217 viral species and 37 distinct families, revealing a substantial fraction of \u201cviral dark matter\u201d with low amino acid identity (median &amp;lt; 40%) in predominantly sylvatic mosquito species. Although viral families containing known arboviruses, such as\n                      <jats:italic>Flaviviridae, Phenuiviridae,<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Peribunyaviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , were detected, no high-consequence human pathogens were identified within the sensitivity limits of our sampling and sequencing depth. Ecological analyses demonstrated that virome composition was strongly structured by host taxonomy and environment (R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =0.570,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.001), with host species explaining 32.9% of the unique variance (PERMANOVA, R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =0.329,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.001), whereas ecotope played a secondary role (R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =0.029, p=0.001). Network analysis revealed a highly modular virus\u2013host structure dominated by host-restricted specialists, with a limited number of bridge species facilitating viral sharing across ecological interfaces.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings indicate that intrinsic mosquito biology is the main driver of viral community structure, while environmental gradients play a secondary role, and highlight the importance of host-associated processes in shaping viral diversity at the Neotropical forest\u2013urban interface.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1894867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T04:26:53Z","timestamp":1788496013000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["RNA virome comparison between sylvatic and urban-interface mosquitoes from Southeastern Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Geovani de Oliveira","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Le\u00f4nidas and Maria Deane Institute (ILMD), Fiocruz Amaz\u00f4nia, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation","place":["Manaus, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilian de Oliveira","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur Institute","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Endrya do Socorro","family":"Foro Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Diversity Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1","place":["Bel\u00e9m, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roseane da Silva","family":"Couto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Diversity Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1","place":["Bel\u00e9m, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Telles-de-Deus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur Institute","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa Christe","family":"Helfstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur Institute","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa dos Santos","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur Institute","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone Luchetta","family":"Reginato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur Institute","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Filipe","family":"Mucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur Institute","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo Sterlino","family":"Bergo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur Institute","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramendra Pati","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, D. 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