{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:56:08Z","timestamp":1790916968844,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The gut -lung axis represents bidirectional communication between the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems that contributes to immune regulation and inflammatory homeostasis. This study evaluated the effects of probiotic-conditioned media (PCM) and live probiotics on epithelial barrier function, inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function using Caco-2 intestinal epithelial and A549 pulmonary epithelial cell models under inflammatory conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cells were treated with 20% PCM or live probiotics at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 50:1 and exposed to LPS (1 \u03bcg\/mL) or TNF-\u03b1 (10 ng\/mL). Barrier integrity was evaluated using transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and FITC-dextran permeability assays. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (\u0394\u03a8m), inflammatory and tight junction gene expression, and SCFA concentrations were assessed using DCFH-DA staining, JC-1 staining, qPCR, and GC-MS, respectively. All experiments comprised three independent biological replicates (n=3), with data presented as mean \u00b1 SD and analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc multiple-comparison test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Probiotic treatment increased TEER from 318 \u00b1 21 \u03a9\u00b7cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      with LPS to 468 \u00b1 23 \u03a9\u00b7cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      with 20% PCM and reduced ROS from 198 \u00b1 12% to 118 \u00b1 8%. Live probiotics produced comparable responses, restoring TEER to 482 \u00b1 20 \u03a9\u00b7cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      and reducing ROS to 115 \u00b1 7% in Caco-2 cells. \u0394\u03a8m increased from 0.82 \u00b1 0.08 with LPS to 1.52 \u00b1 0.11 with PCM. Acetate and butyrate concentrations increased to 6.8 \u00b1 0.5 and 1.5 \u00b1 0.2 mM, respectively. SCFA analysis showed increased acetate (6.8 \u00b1 0.5 vs. 2.2 \u00b1 0.3 mM) and butyrate (1.5 \u00b1 0.2 vs. 0.5 \u00b1 0.1 mM) in the 20% PCM group compared with the control condition (p&amp;lt;0.01). Compared with the LPS-treated inflammatory condition, probiotic treatment reduced the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 by approximately 50%, while IL-10 expression increased to 1.8 \u00b1 0.2-fold (p&amp;lt;0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Collectively, probiotics and PCM supported epithelial protection by improving barrier integrity and attenuating inflammatory and oxidative responses, with increased SCFA production representing a potential contributing mechanism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1900060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:41:42Z","timestamp":1790916102000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Probiotic modulation of the neonatal gut\u2013lung axis in the regulation of early respiratory function"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Lina","family":"Geng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Wuhan University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kemei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Wuhan University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"name":"Cardiac Care Unit, Wuhan Asia Heart Hospital","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiao","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lifen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2045572","article-title":"The role of combining probiotics in preventing and controlling inflammation: a focus on the anti\u2010inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of probiotics in an in vitro model of IBD","volume":"2022","author":"Aghamohammad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can. 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