{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T05:07:34Z","timestamp":1789103254735,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by impaired glucose homeostasis and \u03b2-cell dysfunction. Emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiota\u2013incretin axis may contribute to metabolic regulation. However, whether microbiota from duodenal light stimulation (DLS)-conditioned donors can influence metabolic phenotypes via fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We evaluated whether FMT from DLS-conditioned donors was associated with metabolic and intestinal changes in diabetic GK (Goto\u2013Kakizaki) rats. Recipients received FMT from week \u22122 to week 0 and were then followed for 7 weeks after the final FMT dose. Metabolic phenotyping, intestinal histology, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profiling, and shotgun metagenomic profiling of bacterial and viral communities were performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      FMT recipients showed within-group improvement in OGTT glucose profiles, without significant changes in fasting glucose levels. Total glucose AUC0\u2013120 was significantly reduced within the FMT group in the within-group (period) comparison; however, the group \u00d7 period interaction was not significant, indicating no statistically significant longitudinal between-group treatment effect. Early GLP-1 responses showed a modest increasing trend in FMT recipients, whereas total GLP-1 AUC0\u2013120 was not significantly changed. HOMA-\u03b2 (homeostatic model assessment of \u03b2-cell function) increased within the FMT group, and pancreatic insulin-positive area was greater in FMT recipients than in controls at the study endpoint. Intestinal remodeling was evident, including an increased villus:crypt ratio and increased colonic GLP-1\u2013positive cells. FMT was associated with fecal bacteriome differences, including one FDR-significant taxon and several nominally associated taxa, such as\n                      <jats:italic>Akkermansia muciniphila<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Xylanibacter rodentium<\/jats:italic>\n                      . No significant global shift in fecal virome composition was observed, although selected viral taxa showed nominal group-associated differences that did not remain significant after FDR correction. Exploratory network analysis suggested group-specific bacteriome\u2013virome association patterns after FMT.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>FMT from DLS-conditioned donors was associated with improved glucose tolerance, intestinal incretin-related remodeling, increased pancreatic insulin-positive area, and fecal bacteriome differences in diabetic GK rats based on within-group longitudinal changes for the glucose- and \u03b2-cell-related outcomes, for which the group \u00d7 period interactions were not significant, whereas the histological and microbiome differences reflect cross-sectional between-group comparisons at the study endpoint. These findings support a hypothesis-generating link between donor-conditioned FMT, intestinal remodeling, and microbiome-associated metabolic regulation, while further studies are required to define DLS-specific and donor-derived effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1900693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T04:32:22Z","timestamp":1789101142000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fecal microbiota transplantation from duodenal light stimulation\u2013conditioned donors is associated with improved glucose tolerance and intestinal incretin-related remodeling in diabetic Goto\u2013Kakizaki rats"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jisong","family":"Ahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minhong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Se Hee","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun-Gyeong","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Yun","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinhee","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthcare Technology Examination Division, Digital Convergence Examination Bureau, Korean Intellectual Property Office (KIPO)","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hana","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Do Hyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.2.194","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of incretin therapy in type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"298","author":"Amori","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-0015","article-title":"Minireview: Glucagon-like peptides regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis in the pancreas, gut, and central nervous system","volume":"145","author":"Brubaker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20082222","article-title":"The regulation of intestinal mucin MUC2 expression by short-chain fatty acids: implications for epithelial protection","volume":"420","author":"Burger-Van Paassen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. 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