{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T12:13:45Z","timestamp":1788783225025,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Microbial dysbiosis is associated with the onset and progression of disease and may influence host organ function through alterations in microbial metabolites, epithelial integrity, and immune signaling The gut communicates with distant organs through interconnected gut\u2013lung, gut\u2013brain, and gut\u2013liver axes that contribute to physiological homeostasis. In the gut, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing microbes enhance mucin synthesis, epithelial barrier integrity, and immune regulation, while reduced intestinal pH may limit pathogen colonisation. In this review, we provide an integrated synthesis of evidence across the gut\u2013lung, gut\u2013brain, and gut\u2013liver axes, focusing on how gut microbial dysbiosis and microbiota-derived metabolites influence host immune regulation and distant-organ function. Within the gut\u2013brain axis, microbial metabolites, including SCFAs, can influence enteroendocrine signaling and vagal communication, thereby contributing to metabolic, emotional, and cognitive processes. Within the gut\u2013liver axis, microbial alterations and metabolites are associated with hepatic metabolic dysfunction, inflammation, and lipid metabolic changes, with experimental evidence suggesting potential protective effects of\n                    <jats:italic>Akkermansia muciniphila.<\/jats:italic>\n                    By comparing the three gut\u2013organ axes, this review identifies shared mechanisms involving SCFAs, microbial metabolites, epithelial barrier integrity, immune signaling, and neuroendocrine communication, while highlighting the current evidence gaps and priorities for future mechanistic and translational research.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1918183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T12:06:46Z","timestamp":1788782806000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gut microbiomes-host immune response and organ dysfunction across the gut-lung, gut-brain, and gut-liver axes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Karthikeyan","family":"Sundaram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Herbal Pharmacology and Environmental Sustainability, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam","place":["Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venkataraman","family":"Prabhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Research, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kattankulathur","place":["Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harish","family":"Selvaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Research, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kattankulathur","place":["Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01673-0","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides modulate lung injury by altering the intestinal microbiota","volume":"11","author":"Abdelgawad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003694","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.03694-2020","article-title":"AICAR decreases acute lung injury by phosphorylating AMPK and upregulating heme oxygenase-1","volume":"58","author":"Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.805770","article-title":"The ability of resveratrol to attenuate ovalbumin-mediated allergic asthma is associated with changes in microbiota involving the gut-lung axis, enhanced barrier function and decreased inflammation in the lungs","volume":"13","author":"Alharris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.74964","article-title":"Enteroendocrine cell types that drive food reward and aversion","volume":"11","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5886","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19701-0","article-title":"Disease-associated gut microbiome and metabolome changes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"11","author":"Bowerman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/8865503","article-title":"Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli as a modulator of the entero-pulmonary axis in piglets: Impacts on the microbiota and immune responses","volume":"2025","author":"Breyer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transboundary Emerging Dis."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2016.10.011","article-title":"Fermentable carbohydrate stimulates FFAR2-dependent colonic PYY cell expansion to increase satiety","volume":"6","author":"Brooks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2021.105606","article-title":"Pleiotropic effects of BDNF on the cerebellum and hippocampus: Implications for neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"163","author":"Camuso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2022.127205","article-title":"Microbiome and metabolome dysbiosis of the gut-lung axis in pulmonary hypertension","volume":"265","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S441242","article-title":"Genetic insights into the gut-lung axis: Mendelian randomization analysis on gut microbiota, lung function, and COPD","volume":"19","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Dis."},{"key":"B11","first-page":"205","article-title":"The gut\u2013liver\u2013brain axis: dietary and therapeutic interventions","volume-title":"Elsevier Ebooks","author":"D\u2019Mello","year":"2021"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-021-11622-2","article-title":"A next-generation probiotic: Akkermansia muciniphila ameliorates chronic stress-induced depressive-like behavior in mice by regulating gut microbiota and metabolites","volume":"105","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13111005","article-title":"The intriguing connection between the gut and lung microbiomes","volume":"13","author":"Druszczynska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathog. (Basel Switzerland)"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000042476","article-title":"Linking gut permeability to liver steatosis: Noninvasive biomarker evaluation in MASLD patients - a prospective cross-sectional study","volume":"104","author":"Dumitru","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1104759","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation in Parkinson's disease-A randomized repeat-dose, placebo-controlled clinical pilot study","volume":"14","author":"DuPont","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03370-4","article-title":"The gut microbiome in tuberculosis susceptibility and treatment response: guilty or not guilty","volume":"77","author":"Eribo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life. Sciences: CMLS"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2023.10.012","article-title":"Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway attenuates acute liver failure through inhibiting MAdCAM1\/\u03b14\u03b27-mediated gut-derived proinflammatory lymphocytes accumulation","volume":"17","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-024-00607-4","article-title":"GOS enhances BDNF-mediated mammary gland development in pubertal mice via the gut-brain axis","volume":"10","author":"Ge","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32193","article-title":"Aberrant hepatic trafficking of gut-derived T cells is not specific to primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"75","author":"Graham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.09.007","article-title":"Dietary fatty acids directly impact central nervous system autoimmunity via the small intestine","volume":"43","author":"Haghikia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000985","article-title":"Intestinal IL-33 promotes microbiota-derived trimethylamine N -oxide synthesis and drives metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease progression by exerting dual regulation on HIF-1\u03b1","volume":"82","author":"Hai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hepatol. (Baltimore Md.)"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2018.1479625","article-title":"Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG prevents epithelial barrier dysfunction induced by interferon-gamma and fecal supernatants from irritable bowel syndrome patients in human intestinal enteroids and colonoids","volume":"10","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05376-4","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived acetate attenuates lung injury induced by influenza infection via protecting airway tight junctions","volume":"22","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-020-10551-w","article-title":"Open microbiome dominated by Clostridium and Eubacterium converts methanol into i-butyrate and n-butyrate","volume":"104","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2021.110661","article-title":"Supportive therapy during COVID-19: The proposed mechanism of short-chain fatty acids to prevent cytokine storm and multi-organ failure","volume":"154","author":"Jardou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01354-4","article-title":"Parenteral BCG vaccine induces lung-resident memory macrophages and trained immunity via the gut-lung axis","volume":"23","author":"Jeyanathan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-023-02438-z","article-title":"Butyrate inhibits iILC2-mediated lung inflammation via lung-gut axis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)","volume":"23","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Pulmonary Med."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-01924-8","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila improve cognitive dysfunction by regulating BDNF and serotonin pathway in gut-liver-brain axis","volume":"12","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2023.105165","article-title":"A novel gut microbiome-immune axis influencing pathology in HCMV infected infants with neonatal cholestasis","volume":"25","author":"Karandikar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbes Infection"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf6099","article-title":"Biological basis of cannabinoid medicines","volume":"374","author":"Keimpema","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. (New York N.Y.)"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01687-8","article-title":"Newly isolated Lactobacillus paracasei strain modulates lung immunity and improves the capacity to cope with influenza virus infection","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14294","article-title":"Altered gut microbiome profile in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"75","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension (Dallas Tex: 1979)"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.10.010","article-title":"Intestinal function is impaired in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"40","author":"Kirschner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. (Edinburgh Scotland)"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24108460","article-title":"The microbiota-gut-brain axis in behaviour and brain disorders","volume":"24","author":"Lana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18259-0","article-title":"SCFAs strongly stimulate PYY production in human enteroendocrine cells","volume":"8","author":"Larraufie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2025.2460281","article-title":"Leptin decreases Th17\/Treg ratio to facilitate neuroblastoma via inhibiting long-chain fatty acid catabolism in tumor cells","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05266-z","article-title":"Gut-brain circuits for fat preference","volume":"610","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054844","article-title":"Study on anti-constipation effects of Hemerocallis citrina Baroni through a novel strategy of network pharmacology screening","volume":"24","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.12.810","article-title":"The gut microbiome is a significant risk factor for future chronic lung disease","volume":"151","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2126272","article-title":"Periodontitis-related salivary microbiota aggravates Alzheimer's disease via gut-brain axis crosstalk","volume":"14","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00672-23","article-title":"The oral administration of Lacticaseibacillus casei Shirota alleviates acetaminophen-induced liver injury through accelerated acetaminophen metabolism via the liver-gut axis in mice","volume":"9","author":"Lv","year":"2024","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.15220","article-title":"Causal effects of gut microbiota in the development of lung cancer and its histological subtypes: A Mendelian randomization study","volume":"15","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Thorac. Cancer"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10826","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c00798","article-title":"Microbial dysbiosis in the lung and gut in response to inhalable particulate matters in pneumoconiosis patients and animals","volume":"59","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1446700","article-title":"Roles of the gut microbiota in human neurodevelopment and adult brain disorders","volume":"18","author":"Mallick","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1297378","article-title":"A gut microbiome signature for HIV and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease","volume":"14","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Sanz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02729-6","article-title":"Cannabinoids modulate the microbiota-gut-brain axis in HIV\/SIV infection by reducing neuroinflammation and dysbiosis while concurrently elevating endocannabinoid and indole-3-propionate levels","volume":"20","author":"McDew-White","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2156254","article-title":"Diet and the gut-lung axis in cystic fibrosis - direct & indirect links","volume":"15","author":"McKay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202205-0893OC","article-title":"Microbial dysregulation of the gut-lung axis in bronchiectasis","volume":"207","author":"Narayana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1224383","article-title":"NLRP6 controls pulmonary inflammation from cigarette smoke in a gut microbiota-dependent manner","volume":"14","author":"Nascimento","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36323-4","article-title":"Microbiota-derived acetate enhances host antiviral response via NLRP3","volume":"14","author":"Niu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S511383","article-title":"The impact of gut microbiota on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A dual-sample mendelian randomization study","volume":"20","author":"Niu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Dis."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.21-104","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory and protective role of interleukin-38 in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"70","author":"Ohno","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11040590","article-title":"Intestinal epithelial AMPK deficiency causes delayed colonic epithelial repair in DSS-induced colitis","volume":"11","author":"Olivier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.08.001","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation-induced cognitive enhancement: Hippocampal neuroplasticity in healthy male rats","volume":"15","author":"Olsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2024.106569","article-title":"The gut-brain vagal axis scales hippocampal memory processes and plasticity","volume":"199","author":"Onimus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-022-02053-3","article-title":"Psychobiotics: The influence of gut microbiota on the gut-brain axis in neurological disorders","volume":"72","author":"Oroojzadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci. MN"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v17.i4.105660","article-title":"Correlation between the interleukin-36 subfamily and gut microbiota in patients with liver cirrhosis: Implications for gut-liver axis imbalance","volume":"17","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.100990","article-title":"Intestine-selective reduction of Gcg expression reveals the importance of the distal gut for GLP-1 secretion","volume":"37","author":"Panaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2014.44","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids induce both effector and regulatory T cells by suppression of histone deacetylases and regulation of the mTOR-S6K pathway","volume":"8","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1927633","article-title":"Gut Akkermansia muciniphila ameliorates metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease by regulating the metabolism of L-aspartate via gut-liver axis","volume":"13","author":"Rao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1097\/mog.0000000000000057","article-title":"Bile acids and the gut microbiome","volume":"30","author":"Ridlon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3454","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2407-18.2019","article-title":"Cognition-enhancing vagus nerve stimulation alters the epigenetic landscape","volume":"39","author":"Sanders","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. For. Neurosci."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmic.2025.100139","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in gut health: Implications for drug metabolism and therapeutics","volume":"25","author":"Sankarganesh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. Microecol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-020-0312-8","article-title":"Dietary fiber metabolites regulate innate lymphoid cell responses","volume":"14","author":"Sepahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2024.06.008","article-title":"Dietary fiber alleviates alcoholic liver injury via Bacteroides acidifaciens and subsequent ammonia detoxification","volume":"32","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Host Microbe"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/29933935.2025.2470805","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolites as a convergence point between autoimmunity and solid tumors","volume":"2","author":"Shibi Anilkumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes Rep."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23061355","article-title":"The protective effects of a synthetic geranyl acetophenone in a cellular model of TNF-\u03b1-induced pulmonary epithelial barrier dysfunction","volume":"23","author":"Sim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecules (Basel Switzerland)"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-024-03978-5","article-title":"Exploring the gut-brain axis in alzheimer's disease treatment via probiotics: Evidence from animal studies-a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Siripaopradit","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2024.156056","article-title":"Leptin physiology and pathophysiology in energy homeostasis, immune function, neuroendocrine regulation and bone health","volume":"161","author":"Stefanakis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Metab. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1347110","article-title":"Bibliometric analysis of intestinal microbiota and lung diseases","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-024-01044-5","article-title":"Interaction between the gut microbiota and colonic enteroendocrine cells regulates host metabolism","volume":"6","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2199-7","article-title":"The gut-brain axis mediates sugar preference","volume":"580","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107272","article-title":"Effect of gut microbiota on LPS-induced acute lung injury by regulating the TLR4\/NF-kB signaling pathway","volume":"91","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-071766","article-title":"Safety and feasibility of faecal microbiota transplantation for patients with Parkinson's disease: A protocol for a self-controlled interventional donor-FMT pilot study","volume":"13","author":"Vendrik","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03664-22","article-title":"Mechanisms of Qingyi decoction in severe acute pancreatitis-associated acute lung injury via gut microbiota: Targeting the short-chain fatty acids-mediated AMPK\/NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3 pathway","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2023.08.006","article-title":"Forsythiaside A alleviates acute lung injury by inhibiting inflammation and epithelial barrier damages in lung and colon through PPAR-\u03b3\/RXR-\u03b1 complex","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2025.5687","article-title":"Microbial short chain fatty acids: Effective histone deacetylase inhibitors in immune regulation (Review)","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1196751","article-title":"Gut microbiota and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A mendelian randomization study","volume":"14","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.03051","article-title":"Abnormal gut microbiota metabolism specific for liver cirrhosis","volume":"9","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.841920","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila ameliorates Clostridioides difficile infection in mice by modulating the intestinal microbiome and metabolites","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2026.1747341","article-title":"The role of bile acid-activated receptor TGR5 in inflammation and liver diseases","volume":"17","author":"Xiang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05757-9","article-title":"Multi-omics insights into the microbiota-gut-brain axis and cognitive improvement post-bariatric surgery","volume":"22","author":"Xiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6737","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51209-9","article-title":"Gut-derived memory \u03b3\u03b4 T17 cells exacerbate sepsis-induced acute lung injury in mice","volume":"15","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1040749","article-title":"Brain-gut-liver axis: Chronic psychological stress promotes liver injury and fibrosis via gut in rats","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07098-5","article-title":"IL-10 constrains sphingolipid metabolism to limit inflammation","volume":"627","author":"York","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2517821","article-title":"Lachnospiraceae bacterium alleviates alcohol-associated liver disease by enhancing N-acetyl-glutamic acid levels and inhibiting ferroptosis through the KEAP1-NRF2 pathway","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01987-23","article-title":"Butyrate protects against MRSA pneumonia via regulating gut-lung microbiota and alveolar macrophage M2 polarization","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01219-0","article-title":"Intestinal dysbiosis exacerbates the pathogenesis of psoriasis-like phenotype through changes in fatty acid metabolism","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sig Transduct Target Ther."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1304232","article-title":"Bacteroides acidifaciens and its derived extracellular vesicles improve DSS-induced colitis","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25550","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-77273-1","article-title":"Genetic evidence of bidirectional mendelian randomization study on the causality between gut microbiome and respiratory diseases contributes to gut-lung axis","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47006","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP11600","article-title":"Assessment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease symptoms and gut-liver axis status in zebrafish after exposure to polystyrene microplastics and oxytetracycline, alone and in combination","volume":"131","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20222524","article-title":"The pathogenesis of gut microbiota in hepatic encephalopathy by the gut-liver-brain axis","volume":"43","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2024.10.010","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila-derived acetate activates the hepatic AMPK\/SIRT1\/PGC-1\u03b1 axis to alleviate ferroptosis in metabolic-associated fatty liver disease","volume":"15","author":"Zhuge","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sinica. B."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1918183\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T12:06:47Z","timestamp":1788782807000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1918183\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"references-count":93,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1918183"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1918183","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"article-number":"1918183"}}