{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T04:31:48Z","timestamp":1786422708380,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Newcastle disease virus (NDV) can spread across regions via migratory wild birds, posing potential threats to livestock breeding and public health security. Systematic information on the genetic characteristics, immunoregulatory functions, and antiviral activity of IFN-\u03b3 in the migratory wild bird\n                      <jats:italic>Larus ridibundus<\/jats:italic>\n                      remains limited.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, the complete coding sequence of\n                      <jats:italic>L. ridibundus<\/jats:italic>\n                      IFN-\u03b3 was cloned and analyzed bioinformatically. A prokaryotic expression system was used to produce purified recombinant IFN-\u03b3, and specific polyclonal antibodies were prepared for protein identification. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were exposed to graded NDV doses, serial concentrations of recombinant IFN-\u03b3, or combined IFN-\u03b3 and NDV treatment. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure NDV NP transcripts and the transcription of TLR7, MyD88, IRF7, IFN-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b3, and Mx.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NDV infection was associated with increased transcription of TLR7 pathway-related genes. Among the tested IFN-\u03b3 concentrations, 200 ng\/mL produced the strongest TLR7 transcriptional response. IFN-\u03b3 intervention significantly reduced intracellular NDV NP transcript abundance, and this reduction coincided with lower transcription of TLR7 pathway-related genes under combined treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings indicate that\n                      <jats:italic>L. ridibundus<\/jats:italic>\n                      IFN-\u03b3 has\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      anti-NDV activity and that this activity is associated with transcriptional modulation of the TLR7-MyD88-IRF7 pathway. Direct pathway dependence remains to be established by pathway-inhibition experiments.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1919500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T04:20:05Z","timestamp":1786422005000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Functional characterization of the IFN-\u03b3 protein in mediating antiviral defence against Newcastle disease Virus in Larus ridibundus"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hua","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feiyan","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Honglin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Foreign Languages, Yunnan Agricultural University","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaotong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengjie","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bofang","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xun","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1159\/000226082","article-title":"Structure and effects of interferon-gamma","volume":"42","author":"Adolf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20090392","article-title":"Potentiation of flagellin responses in gut epithelial cells by interferon-\u03b3 is associated with STAT-independent regulation of MyD88 expression","volume":"423","author":"Bannon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. 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