{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:03:57Z","timestamp":1790831037857,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) can progress to secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), but transcriptomic similarities between active VL and pediatric HLH remain uncertain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We integrated VL whole-blood expression data (GSE125992), sorted CD68-positive monocyte bulk-expression data from pediatric HLH and severe sepsis (GSE150707), and supportive Leishmania-infected mouse spleen single-cell data (GSE240385). Differential expression, pathway enrichment, an exploratory 132-gene HLH-versus-sepsis-derived ssGSEA score, FARDEEP-LM22 deconvolution, signature-excluded WGCNA, CellChat, and a refitted three-gene classifier were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Active VL showed IFN-gamma-associated expression changes, including higher CXCL9 and CXCL10. The exploratory 132-gene score was higher in ActiveCase than EHC samples (Mann-Whitney P\u00a0=\u00a00.000637). Across 22 deconvolved cell types, only M1 macrophages showed an FDR-supported positive correlation with this score (rho = 0.787, BH q = 0.000503). After all 132 score genes were excluded before network construction, a 124-gene magenta module remained associated with the score (rho = 0.837, BH q = 4.29 \u00d7 10^-5). A refitted IFNG\/GBP5\/MX2 classifier achieved a same-study validation AUC of 0.917 (bootstrap 95% CI 0.733-1.000), but the validation set contained only 16 samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These public datasets support an IFN-gamma-associated inflammatory state in active VL and exploratory cross-compartment convergence with pediatric HLH. The 132-gene score, deconvolution, network, and classifier results are hypothesis-generating and do not establish HLH specificity, cellular causality, independent external validity, or clinical HLH prediction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1924856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T04:45:47Z","timestamp":1790829947000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transcriptomic evidence of an IFN-gamma-associated inflammatory state in active visceral leishmaniasis: an exploratory comparison with pediatric HLH"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Taoli","family":"Suo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Shanxi, Women Health Center of Shanxi","place":["Taiyuan, Shanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Shanxi, Women Health Center of Shanxi","place":["Taiyuan, Shanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanli","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Shanxi, Women Health Center of Shanxi","place":["Taiyuan, Shanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyu","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Shanxi, Women Health Center of Shanxi","place":["Taiyuan, Shanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Shanxi, Women Health Center of Shanxi","place":["Taiyuan, Shanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-042921-112837","article-title":"Cytokine storm syndrome","volume":"74","author":"Cron","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. 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