{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T05:20:49Z","timestamp":1787721649340,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Trained immunity refers to the stimuli-induced epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming of innate immune cells, enabling enhanced non-specific responses upon secondary stimulation. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) constitute the primary immune barrier in the lung and represent a key target in enhancing protection against pulmonary pathogens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, an\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      priming-resting-re-stimulation protocol was used to characterise the ability of\n                      <jats:italic>Mycobacterium fortuitum<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MF) to induce functional features of trained immunity in caprine AMs\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6) and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-positive cells were quantified by multiplex assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Phagosomal acidification was detected by flow cytometry and live-cell fluorescent microscopy after MF-challenge using pH-sensitive labelled bacteria.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MF-trained AMs displayed significantly elevated TNF\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 production and a higher frequency of inducible iNOS-producing cells compared to non-stimulated controls, consistent with a trained immunity-associated pro-inflammatory and antimicrobial phenotype. Phagosomal acidification was enhanced and sustained in MF-trained AMs following homologous challenge with MF, suggesting enhanced phagocytic activity against mycobacteria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings provide evidence that\n                      <jats:italic>M. fortuitum<\/jats:italic>\n                      induces trained immunity-associated functional responses in caprine AMs and support further trained immunity studies in the caprine lung mucosa against pulmonary infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1927556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T04:50:53Z","timestamp":1787719853000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In vitro priming with Mycobacterium fortuitum induces trained immunity-associated phenotypes in caprine alveolar macrophages and enhances phagosomal maturation and antimicrobial functions upon homologous re-stimulation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Miriam","family":"Blay-Benach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus UAB","place":["Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s), Spain"]},{"name":"Unitat mixta d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB)","place":["Bellaterra Catalonia, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Cuenca-Lara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus UAB","place":["Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s), Spain"]},{"name":"Unitat mixta d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB)","place":["Bellaterra Catalonia, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Moraleda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus UAB","place":["Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s), Spain"]},{"name":"Unitat mixta d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB)","place":["Bellaterra Catalonia, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoraida","family":"Cervera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus UAB","place":["Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s), Spain"]},{"name":"Unitat mixta d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB)","place":["Bellaterra Catalonia, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Repull\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus UAB","place":["Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s), Spain"]},{"name":"Unitat mixta d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB)","place":["Bellaterra Catalonia, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernat","family":"P\u00e9rez de Val","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus UAB","place":["Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s), Spain"]},{"name":"Unitat mixta d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB)","place":["Bellaterra Catalonia, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/s0962-8479(97)90004-6","article-title":"Comparison of the roles of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates in the host response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis using transgenic mice","volume":"78","author":"Adams","year":"1997","journal-title":"Tubercle Lung Disease: Off. 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