{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:00:14Z","timestamp":1790830814638,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exercise is a safe and effective intervention for improving depressive symptoms, but the effects and related mechanisms of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) remain unclear. Growing evidence suggests that interactions among the gut microbiota, immune-inflammatory responses, and the central nervous system may contribute to the development and progression of depression. This study investigated whether a 4-week HIIT intervention attenuated depressive-like behaviors and explored related differences in gut microbiota composition and prefrontal cortical lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-associated inflammatory measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were initially assigned to either the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) or control conditions. Following CUMS modeling and corresponding control procedures, rats were further allocated to four groups: CUMS_Sed, CUMS_Ex, Con_Sed, and Con_Ex. Exercise groups performed HIIT on motorized treadmills. Depressive-like behaviors were assessed using the sucrose preference test and the open field test, and body weight was monitored longitudinally as a secondary physiological outcome during CUMS exposure. Gut microbiota composition was profiled using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. LPS levels in the prefrontal cortex and ileum, and IL-1\u03b2 levels in the prefrontal cortex, were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and prefrontal cortical Toll-like receptor 4 (\n                      <jats:italic>TLR4<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and\n                      <jats:italic>Rela<\/jats:italic>\n                      (NF-\u03baB p65\/RelA) mRNA expression levels were assessed by reverse transcription quantitative PCR.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      CUMS induced marked depressive-like behaviors, including reduced sucrose preference and altered open field test performance. HIIT partially attenuated these behavioral alterations. In exploratory microbiota analyses, HIIT-treated CUMS rats differed from sedentary CUMS rats in gut microbial diversity and taxonomic composition and also showed lower prefrontal cortical LPS and IL-1\u03b2 levels and lower\n                      <jats:italic>TLR4<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Rela<\/jats:italic>\n                      mRNA expression. In contrast, IL-1\u03b2 was higher in exercised control rats, and ileal LPS levels were lower overall in exercised rats.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that HIIT-related improvements in depression-related phenotypes were accompanied by attenuation of LPS-associated inflammatory changes in the prefrontal cortex, while exploratory microbiota analyses identified differences in gut microbiota composition. HIIT may represent a promising exercise-based strategy for improving stress-related depressive-like phenotypes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1929000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T04:46:05Z","timestamp":1790829965000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High-intensity interval training alleviates depressive-like behaviors and is associated with differences in gut microbiota composition and prefrontal LPS-associated inflammatory measures in CUMS rats"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Min-Xia","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology College of NCHU","place":["Jiujiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi-Yu","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology College of NCHU","place":["Jiujiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua-Zhe","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology College of NCHU","place":["Jiujiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing-Jian","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology College of NCHU","place":["Jiujiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology College of NCHU","place":["Jiujiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhigang","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Aquatic Sports Training Monitoring and Intervention of General Administration of Sport of China, Faculty of Physical Education, Jiangxi Normal University","place":["Nanchang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00890-0","article-title":"Gastrointestinal and brain barriers: unlocking gates of communication across the microbiota-gut-brain axis","volume":"21","author":"Aburto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2005.01.005","article-title":"Behavioural and neurochemical effects induced by chronic mild stress applied to two different rat strains","volume":"161","author":"Bekris","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03194-25","article-title":"Voluntary wheel running modulates murine gut microbiome during hyperammonemic stress","volume":"14","author":"Bellar","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229335","article-title":"Comparative effects of two heat acclimation protocols consisting of high-intensity interval training in the heat on aerobic performance and thermoregulatory responses in exercising rats","volume":"15","author":"Bittencourt","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2023.148480","article-title":"High-intensity interval training ameliorates chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depressive behaviors via HDAC2-BDNF signaling in the ventral hippocampus","volume":"1816","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.900652","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of fecal microbiota transplantation on chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depression","volume":"12","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2025.115612","article-title":"Contribution of distinctive outcome measures to the assessment of anxiety in the open field: a meta-analysis of factors mediating open-field test variability in rodent models of anxiety","volume":"490","author":"\u00c7evik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-023-00729-2","article-title":"Central regulation of stress-evoked peripheral immune responses","volume":"24","author":"Chan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2022.02.004","article-title":"Brain\u2013gut\u2013microbiota axis in depression: a historical overview and future directions","volume":"182","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.114930","article-title":"Effects of chronic unpredictable mild stress on gut microbiota and fecal amino acid and short-chain fatty acid pathways in mice","volume":"464","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.12.012","article-title":"Stress-induced neuroinflammation is mediated by GSK3-dependent TLR4 signaling that promotes susceptibility to depression-like behavior","volume":"53","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Immun."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.12.009","article-title":"A Gpr35-tuned gut microbe-brain metabolic axis regulates depressive-like behavior","volume":"32","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-021-00677-6","article-title":"Electrolytic lesions of the bilateral ventrolateral orbital cortex not only directly reduce depression-like behavior but also decreased desperate behavior induced by chronic unpredicted mild stress in rats","volume":"22","author":"Chu","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01738-y","article-title":"Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment","volume":"9","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal. Transduction Targeting Ther."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1292673","article-title":"A systematic review on the effects of exercise on gut microbial diversity, taxonomic composition, and microbial metabolites: identifying research gaps and future directions","volume":"14","author":"Cullen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13785","article-title":"Recovery and recurrence from major depression in adolescence and adulthood","volume":"151","author":"Desai Bostr\u00f6m","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1380713","article-title":"Intestinal barrier permeability: the influence of gut microbiota, nutrition, and exercise","volume":"15","author":"Dmytriv","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2581","article-title":"Inflammation, lifestyle factors, and the microbiome-gut-brain axis: relevance to depression and antidepressant action","volume":"113","author":"Donoso","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2015.175","article-title":"Chronic corticosterone-mediated dysregulation of microRNA network in prefrontal cortex of rats: relevance to depression pathophysiology","volume":"5","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4881","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-025-03085-y","article-title":"Central-peripheral neuroimmune dynamics in psychological stress and depression: insights from current research","volume":"30","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar\/ilu045","article-title":"Randomized block experimental designs can increase the power and reproducibility of laboratory animal experiments","volume":"55","author":"Festing","year":"2014","journal-title":"ILAR J."},{"key":"B22","first-page":"493","article-title":"Low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation ameliorates anhedonic behaviors and regulates the gut microbiome in mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress","volume":"25","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alpha Psychiatry"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.08.218","article-title":"Parabacteroides distasonis induces depressive-like behavior in a mouse model of crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"98","author":"Gomez-Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Immun."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-021-01019-4","article-title":"The economic burden of adults with major depressive disorder in the United States, (2010 and 2018)","volume":"39","author":"Greenberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"PharmacoEconomics"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-026-02354-4","article-title":"Muribaculum intestinale alleviates depressive-like behaviors by inhibiting Th17 cell differentiation and M1 microglia polarization","volume":"14","author":"He","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.70099","article-title":"Microbiota-gut-brain axis in health and neurological disease: interactions between gut microbiota and the nervous system","volume":"28","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23042013","article-title":"The effects of stress and diet on the \u201cbrain\u2013gut\u201d and \u201cgut\u2013brain\u201d pathways in animal models of stress and depression","volume":"23","author":"Herselman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-019-0364-5","article-title":"Defining the role of parasutterella, a previously uncharacterized member of the core gut microbiota","volume":"13","author":"Ju","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2023.102287","article-title":"Impact of caloric restriction on the gut microbiota","volume":"73","author":"Kern","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051205","article-title":"Anti-fatigue effect of prunus mume vinegar in high-intensity exercised rats","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02303-y","article-title":"Rifaximin-mediated gut microbiota regulation modulates the function of microglia and protects against CUMS-induced depression-like behaviors in adolescent rat","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-08347-7","article-title":"Exercise improves depressive-like behavior in adolescent mice by regulating sphingosine and ceramide metabolism through microglial CerS1","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04650-2","article-title":"Multi-cohort analysis of depression-associated gut bacteria sheds insight on bacterial biomarkers across populations","volume":"80","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2005.06.034","article-title":"Effect of chronic unpredictable mild stress on brain-pancreas relative protein in rat brain and pancreas","volume":"165","author":"Lin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.697640","article-title":"Impact of inosine on chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depressive and anxiety-like behaviors with the alteration of gut microbiota","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2023.105010","article-title":"Isethionate is an intermediate in the degradation of sulfoacetate by the human gut pathobiont bilophila wadsworthia","volume":"299","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.09.074","article-title":"The efficacy of exercise interventions on depressive symptoms and cognitive function in adults with depression: an umbrella review","volume":"368","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1040591","article-title":"Chaihu-shugan-san alleviates depression-like behavior in mice exposed to chronic unpredictable stress by altering the gut microbiota and levels of the bile acids hyocholic acid and 7-ketoDCA","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00454-1","article-title":"Major depressive disorder","volume":"9","author":"Marx","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primer"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.90","article-title":"Immune and neuroendocrine mechanisms of stress vulnerability and resilience","volume":"42","author":"M\u00e9nard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol. Off. Publ. Am. Coll. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-023-01596-4","article-title":"Multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of major depression aids locus discovery, fine mapping, gene prioritization and causal inference","volume":"56","author":"Meng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125889","article-title":"Exercise is more effective at altering gut microbial composition and producing stable changes in lean mass in juvenile versus adult male F344 rats","volume":"10","author":"Mika","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuaf037","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying alterations of the gut microbiota by exercise and their role in shaping ecological resilience","volume":"49","author":"Mohr","year":"2025","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-075847","article-title":"Effect of exercise for depression: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"384","author":"Noetel","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13961","article-title":"Neuroimmune network model of depression: a developmental perspective","volume":"65","author":"Nusslock","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.101982","article-title":"The gut microbiota-immune-brain axis: therapeutic implications","volume":"6","author":"O\u2019Riordan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-025-01333-3","article-title":"Beyond the gut: decoding the gut\u2013immune\u2013brain axis in health and disease","volume":"22","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01484-21","article-title":"Distinct N and C cross-feeding networks in a synthetic mouse gut consortium","volume":"7","author":"P\u00e9rez Escriva","year":"2022","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ampbs.2024.04.003","article-title":"Role of sulfidogenic members of the gut microbiota in human disease","volume":"85","author":"Pimenta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Microb. Physiol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17082676","article-title":"Aerobic exercise inhibits CUMS-depressed mice hippocampal inflammatory response via activating hippocampal miR-223\/TLR4\/MyD88-NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"17","author":"Qu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3982","DOI":"10.1039\/d1fo03019a","article-title":"Pot-pollen supplementation reduces fasting glucose and modulates the gut microbiota in high-fat\/high-sucrose fed C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"13","author":"Rebelo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2024.266","article-title":"Global, regional and national burden of depressive disorders and attributable risk factors, from 1990 to 2021: results from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease study","volume":"227","author":"Rong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry J. Ment. Sci."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01588-w","article-title":"Analysis of strain, sex, and diet-dependent modulation of gut microbiota reveals candidate keystone organisms driving microbial diversity in response to American and ketogenic diets","volume":"11","author":"Salvador","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2024.149123","article-title":"The chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) paradigm: bridging the gap in depression research from bench to bedside","volume":"1843","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1210089","article-title":"Effect of regular physical exercise on gut microbiota and depressive behaviors in rats","volume":"2021","author":"Sheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Qual."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpb.2019.03.001","article-title":"Inulin can alleviate metabolism disorders in ob\/ob mice by partially restoring leptin-related pathways mediated by gut microbiota","volume":"17","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genomics Proteomics Bioinf."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242316870","article-title":"Major depressive disorder and gut microbiota: role of physical exercise","volume":"24","author":"Souza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.37322","article-title":"Fluoxetine ameliorates dysbiosis in a depression model induced by chronic unpredicted mild stress in mice","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.23-96","article-title":"High-intensity exercise impairs intestinal barrier function by generating oxidative stress","volume":"74","author":"Takami","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.828595","article-title":"Antidepressant shugan jieyu capsule alters gut microbiota and intestinal microbiome function in rats with chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depression","volume":"13","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2024.111652","article-title":"Effects of high-intensity interval training on depressive symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"180","author":"Tao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life13081711","article-title":"Aerobic exercise improves depressive-like behavior in CUMS-induced rats via the SIRT3\/ROS\/NLRP3 signaling pathway","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8649","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2023.2202750","article-title":"A nexus of dietary restriction and gut microbiota: recent insights into metabolic health","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7254016","article-title":"TLR4-NF-\u03baB signal involved in depressive-like behaviors and cytokine expression of frontal cortex and hippocampus in stressed C57BL\/6 and ob\/ob mice","volume":"2018","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1021\/pr801086k","article-title":"Metabonomics approach to understanding acute and chronic stress in rat models","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1093\/bbb\/zbad115","article-title":"Antidepressant properties of voluntary exercise mediated by gut microbiota","volume":"87","author":"Watanabe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01228","article-title":"Chronic unpredictable mild stress in rats induces colonic inflammation","volume":"10","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050456","article-title":"Validity, reliability and utility of the chronic mild stress model of depression: a 10-year review and evaluation","volume":"134","author":"Willner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. (Berl.)"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2016.08.002","article-title":"The chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression: history, evaluation and usage","volume":"6","author":"Willner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Stress"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2448","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-021-01514-y","article-title":"Links between gut dysbiosis and neurotransmitter disturbance in chronic restraint stress-induced depressive behaviours: the role of inflammation","volume":"44","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2024.111130","article-title":"The effect of exercise on depression and gut microbiota: possible mechanisms","volume":"220","author":"Yao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2025.103001","article-title":"Lipoproteins from Bilophila wadsworthia cell wall induce innate immune responses through Toll-like receptor 2","volume":"96","author":"Yoshida","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0290382","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of thigmotactic behaviour in the open field test in rodent models associated with persistent pain","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/S1875-5364(23)60496-0","article-title":"Ginkgo biloba extract protects against depression-like behavior in mice through regulating gut microbial bile acid metabolism","volume":"21","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16162660","article-title":"Exploration of the muribaculaceae family in the gut microbiota: diversity, metabolism, and function","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1644160","article-title":"The microbiota-gut-brain axis in depression: unraveling the relationships and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1929000\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T04:46:13Z","timestamp":1790829973000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1929000\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"references-count":76,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1929000"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1929000","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"article-number":"1929000"}}