{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T12:07:54Z","timestamp":1788955674053,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":176,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heat stress (HS) is an increasingly prevalent environmental and exertional challenge. In severe cases, HS may progress to heatstroke, a life-threatening clinical syndrome characterized by severe hyperthermia, systemic inflammation, and multi-organ dysfunction. This review synthesizes evidence from laboratory rodent models and suggests that gut microbiota dysbiosis may act as a mediator and amplifier of HS-induced pathology. Across diverse rodent models, HS remodels the gut microbiota by reducing microbial diversity. These compositional changes are accompanied by decreased short-chain fatty acids, altered bile acid profiles, and increased lipopolysaccharide burden, although the specific metabolites affected vary across models. Causal evidence from fecal microbiota transplantation and gnotobiotic experiments supports microbiota-dependent amplification of intestinal barrier failure, hepatic inflammation, and neuroinflammation. In contrast, evidence for the gut-reproductive, gut-kidney, gut-heart, gut-muscle, and gut-adipose axes remains predominantly associative or derived from interventional correlations without formal causality testing. Targeting the gut-organ axis through probiotics, prebiotics, antioxidants, or functional amino acids offers promising but largely preclinical adjunctive strategies, with rapid cooling and supportive care remaining the foundation of heatstroke management. Future research should prioritize temporally resolved human studies, multi-omics integration, and causal validation to define the translational potential of microbiome-directed interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1930660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T11:35:23Z","timestamp":1788953723000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Heat stress-induced gut dysbiosis and multi-organ injury: mechanisms and therapeutic modulation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zhuo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jirui","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery\/Deep Underground Space Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]},{"name":"West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhao","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery\/Deep Underground Space Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery\/Deep Underground Space Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]},{"name":"West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1113\/ep091586","article-title":"Insights into pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies for heat stroke: lessons from a baboon model","volume":"109","author":"Abdullah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4286","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.7.4286","article-title":"Divergent trophoblast responses to bacterial products mediated by TLRs","volume":"173","author":"Abrahams","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1159\/000345930","article-title":"Glutamine protects intestinal barrier function of colon epithelial cells from ethanol by modulating Hsp70 expression","volume":"91","author":"Akagi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1080\/08830185.2021.1954638","article-title":"Tryptophan metabolites modulate inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer by affecting immune system","volume":"41","author":"Ala","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22176-2","article-title":"Bacterial cyclic diguanylate signaling networks sense temperature","volume":"12","author":"Almblad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5724575","article-title":"Interactions of gut microbiota, endotoxemia, immune function, and diet in exertional heatstroke","volume":"2018","author":"Armstrong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. (Hindawi Publishing Corporation)"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12041","article-title":"Effect of dietary supplementation of prebiotics and probiotics on intestinal microarchitecture in broilers reared under cyclic heat stress","volume":"97","author":"Ashraf","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. (Berl)"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.675263","article-title":"The murine Reg3a stimulated by Lactobacillus casei promotes intestinal cell proliferation and inhibits the multiplication of porcine diarrhea causative agent in vitro","volume":"12","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03253-8","article-title":"Oxidative stress and male infertility: current knowledge of pathophysiology and role of antioxidant therapy in disease management","volume":"77","author":"Barati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1080\/10903127.2017.1392666","article-title":"Consensus statement- prehospital care of exertional heat stroke","volume":"22","author":"Belval","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prehospital Emergency Care"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201400639","article-title":"Galacto-oligosaccharides may directly enhance intestinal barrier function through the modulation of goblet cells","volume":"59","author":"Bhatia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmra011089","article-title":"Heat stroke","volume":"346","author":"Bouchama","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2640","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1991.70.6.2640","article-title":"Endotoxemia and release of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 1 alpha in acute heatstroke","volume":"70","author":"Bouchama","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.16097","article-title":"The role of serotonin in depression-a historical roundup and future directions","volume":"168","author":"Bremshey","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009345","article-title":"A Salmonella Typhi RNA thermosensor regulates virulence factors and innate immune evasion in response to host temperature","volume":"17","author":"Brewer","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13189","article-title":"The tracking of lipopolysaccharide through the feto-maternal compartment and the involvement of maternal TLR4 in inflammation-induced fetal brain injury","volume":"82","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.3390\/nu4081095","article-title":"Diet-induced dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota and the effects on immunity and disease","volume":"4","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1097\/shk.0000000000002805","article-title":"Probiotic Bifidobacterium confers protection against heat stroke through enhancement of intestinal barrier function in rats","volume":"65","author":"Cai","year":"2026","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202300291","article-title":"Remodeling of gut microbiota by probiotics alleviated heat stroke-induced necroptosis in male germ cells","volume":"67","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G17","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00063.2019","article-title":"Role for diet in normal gut barrier function: developing guidance within the framework of food-labeling regulations","volume":"317","author":"Camilleri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest Liver Physiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.10.017","article-title":"Heat stress impairs male reproductive system with potential disruption of retinol metabolism and microbial balance in the testis of mice","volume":"153","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1039\/c8fo02091d","article-title":"Resveratrol improves intestinal barrier function, alleviates mitochondrial dysfunction and induces mitophagy in diquat challenged piglets(1)","volume":"10","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002605","article-title":"Reduced cognitive function during a heat wave among residents of non-air-conditioned buildings: An observational study of young adults in the summer of 2016","volume":"15","author":"Cedeno Laurent","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.06.023","article-title":"Heat stress-induced neuroinflammation and aberration in monoamine levels in hypothalamus are associated with temperature dysregulation","volume":"358","author":"Chauhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.625913","article-title":"Role and mechanism of gut microbiota in human disease","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27073186","article-title":"Linking Heat Stress to Impaired Cardiac Repair: The ER Stress-Angiogenesis Axis as a Critical Barrier","volume":"27","author":"Cheng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3811","article-title":"Associations between high temperatures in pregnancy and risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and stillbirths: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"371","author":"Chersich","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-018-0021-8","article-title":"Metabolic adaptation and maladaptation in adipose tissue","volume":"1","author":"Chouchani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12061160","article-title":"The importance of maintaining and improving a healthy gut microbiota in athletes as a preventive strategy to improve heat tolerance and acclimatization","volume":"12","author":"Cinca-Morros","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1093\/af\/vfy031","article-title":"Heat stress: Physiology of acclimation and adaptation","volume":"9","author":"Collier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Front."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10367","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13676","article-title":"A 100-year review: Stress physiology including heat stress","volume":"100","author":"Collier","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1177486","article-title":"Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time","volume":"326","author":"Costello","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3346","article-title":"Mind-altering microorganisms: The impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour","volume":"13","author":"Cryan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1530\/jme-15-0161","article-title":"Proteomic changes of the porcine small intestine in response to chronic heat stress","volume":"55","author":"Cui","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.840245","article-title":"Lactobacillus spp. for gastrointestinal health: Current and future perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Dempsey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2877","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-022-2320-y","article-title":"Translocation of gut microbes to epididymal white adipose tissue drives lipid metabolism disorder under heat stress","volume":"66","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00223","article-title":"Stress induces endotoxemia and low-grade inflammation by increasing barrier permeability","volume":"6","author":"de Punder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life15060841","article-title":"Sheng Mai San modulates the heart-gut-microbiota axis to mitigate heat stress-induced damage in rats","volume":"15","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life. (Basel)"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-014-0425-7","article-title":"Contemporary evidence on the physiological role of reactive oxygen species in human sperm function","volume":"32","author":"Du Plessis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2014.09.018","article-title":"Causes, effects and molecular mechanisms of testicular heat stress","volume":"30","author":"Durairajanayagam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.2741\/3860","article-title":"Protective role of heme oxygenase-1 against inflammation in atherosclerosis","volume":"16","author":"Durante","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed)"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1097\/01.asn.0000022017.96399.b2","article-title":"Role of organic anion transporters in the tubular transport of indoxyl sulfate and the induction of its nephrotoxicity","volume":"13","author":"Enomoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life14050559","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids and human health: From metabolic pathways to current therapeutic implications","volume":"14","author":"Facchin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life. (Basel)"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01030","article-title":"LPS induces preeclampsia-like phenotype in rats and HTR8\/SVneo cells dysfunction through TLR4\/p38 MAPK pathway","volume":"10","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2449095","article-title":"Maternal milk fat globule membrane enriched gut L. murinus and circulating SCFAs to improve placental efficiency and fetal development in intrauterine growth restricted mice model","volume":"17","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2023.02.022","article-title":"The gut microbial bile acid modulation and its relevance to digestive health and diseases","volume":"164","author":"Fogelson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinsp.2022.100062","article-title":"The dual effect of acetate on microglial TNF-alpha production","volume":"77","author":"Fragas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clinics (Sao Paulo)"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp.1999.10.1.1","article-title":"Oral antibiotics reduce body temperature of healthy rabbits in a thermoneutral environment","volume":"10","author":"Fuller","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Basic. Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G922","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1999.277.5.g922","article-title":"Nutrient tasting and signaling mechanisms in the gut. II. The intestine as a sensory organ: Neural, endocrine, and immune responses","volume":"277","author":"Furness","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.2527\/jas2016.1233","article-title":"Short-term heat stress causes altered intracellular signaling in oxidative skeletal muscle","volume":"95","author":"Ganesan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.b1400339","article-title":"Heat stress inhibits proliferation, promotes growth, and induces apoptosis in cultured Lantang swine skeletal muscle satellite cells","volume":"16","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ.-Sci. B"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/6485323","article-title":"Construction and Evaluation of a Predictive Model for Liver Injury Associated with Heatstroke: A Multicenter Retrospective Study","volume":"6485323","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical Practice"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2291164","article-title":"Bifidobacterium mechanisms of immune modulation and tolerance","volume":"15","author":"Gavzy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3029","DOI":"10.1113\/jp277353","article-title":"High-fat diet intake modulates maternal intestinal adaptations to pregnancy and results in placental hypoxia, as well as altered fetal gut barrier proteins and immune markers","volume":"597","author":"Gohir","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-2011-110080","article-title":"Sodium butyrate improves memory function in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model when administered at an advanced stage of disease progression","volume":"26","author":"Govindarajan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.14370","article-title":"Heat exposure promotes sarcopenia via gut microbiota-derived metabolites","volume":"24","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-01942-6","article-title":"Melatonin alleviates heat stress-induced spermatogenesis dysfunction in male dairy goats by regulating arachidonic acid metabolism mediated by remodeling the gut microbiota","volume":"12","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112916","article-title":"Heat stress affects fetal brain and intestinal function associated with the alterations of placental barrier in late pregnant mouse","volume":"227","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.1.1.10470","article-title":"The inner of the two Muc2 mucin-dependent mucus layers in colon is devoid of bacteria","volume":"1","author":"Hansson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-019-0391-0","article-title":"Heat stress affects fecal microbial and metabolic alterations of primiparous sows during late gestation","volume":"10","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.11.004","article-title":"Heat and pregnancy-related emergencies: risk of placental abruption during hot weather","volume":"111","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2018.05.011","article-title":"Gut microbiome and magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of subjects at ultra-high risk for psychosis may support the membrane hypothesis","volume":"53","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.13893","article-title":"High ambient temperature exposure during late gestation disrupts glycolipid metabolism and hepatic mitochondrial function tightly related to gut microbial dysbiosis in pregnant mice","volume":"14","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.173305","article-title":"Heat stress-induced dysbiosis of the gut microbiota impairs spermatogenesis by regulating secondary bile acid metabolism in the gut","volume":"937","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.122302","article-title":"Metabolomics study reveals increased deoxycholic acid contributes to deoxynivalenol-mediated intestinal barrier injury","volume":"336","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2012-0040","article-title":"Cytokines and their role in hyperthermia and heat stroke","volume":"24","author":"Heled","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Basic. Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3.259","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.03.045","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factor signaling provides protection in Clostridium difficile-induced intestinal injury","volume":"139","author":"Hirota","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01067-z","article-title":"Is heat intolerance state or trait","volume":"49","author":"Hosokawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-01347-9","article-title":"Exogenous L-arginine increases intestinal stem cell function through CD90+ stromal cells producing mTORC1-induced Wnt2b","volume":"3","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00904-3","article-title":"The gut-liver axis and gut microbiota in health and liver disease","volume":"21","author":"Hsu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.686902","article-title":"Heat stress-induced dysbiosis of porcine colon microbiota plays a role in intestinal damage: A fecal microbiota profile","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.14349","article-title":"Holistic view of heat acclimation alleviated intestinal lesion in mice with heat stroke based on microbiome-metabolomics analysis","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10030205","article-title":"Butyrate alleviates cytokine-induced barrier dysfunction by modifying claudin-2 levels","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. (Basel)"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2025.07.031","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived xanthohumol protects against heatstroke by inhibiting macrophage pyroptosis in mice","volume":"82","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104752","article-title":"Gut microbiota protects from triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity: Key role of propionate and its downstream signalling events","volume":"155","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9124017","article-title":"Resveratrol-based multivitamin supplement increases sperm concentration and motility in idiopathic male infertility: a pilot clinical study","volume":"9","author":"Illiano","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052915","article-title":"Microbiota, tryptophan and aryl hydrocarbon receptors as the target triad in Parkinson's disease-a narrative review","volume":"25","author":"Iwaniak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-019-0329-0","article-title":"International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: Probiotics","volume":"16","author":"J\u00e4ger","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc Sports Nutr."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572s","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.038596","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying immune effects of dietary oligosaccharides","volume":"98","author":"Jeurink","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.16129","article-title":"Effect of intestinal microbiota on liver disease and its related future prospection: From the perspective of intestinal barrier damage and microbial metabolites","volume":"38","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177710","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of butyrate against heat stress-induced intestinal damage, systemic inflammation, and multiple organ dysfunction: Insights from in vitro and in vivo experiments","volume":"999","author":"Ke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00072.2021","article-title":"Nutritional considerations to counteract gastrointestinal permeability during exertional heat stress","volume":"130","author":"King","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R552","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1990.258.2.r552","article-title":"Effect of gastrointestinal flora on body temperature of rats and mice","volume":"258","author":"Kluger","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.041","article-title":"From dietary fiber to host physiology: Short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites","volume":"165","author":"Koh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.12.041","article-title":"Protective effect of lipoic acid against oxidative stress is mediated by Keap1\/Nrf2-dependent heme oxygenase-1 induction in the RGC-5 cellline","volume":"1499","author":"Koriyama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14080853","article-title":"Heat exposure and maternal health in the face of climate change","volume":"14","author":"Kuehn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1159\/000151550","article-title":"Intestinal barrier dysfunction, endotoxemia, and gastrointestinal symptoms: the 'canary in the coal mine' during exercise-heat stress","volume":"53","author":"Lambert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Sport Sci."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0324-6","article-title":"Heat stress-induced memory impairment is associated with neuroinflammation in mice","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.113.008201","article-title":"Bile acid signaling in metabolic disease and drug therapy","volume":"66","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116832","article-title":"Baicalin ameliorates heat stress-induced hepatic injury and intestinal microecology dysbiosis in late gestational mice","volume":"283","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2025.2559022","article-title":"Activation of the liver X receptor \u03b1 protects the blood-brain barrier against heatstroke-induced injury","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperthermia"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1534713","article-title":"Huoxiang Zhengqi dropping pills alleviate exertional heat stroke-induced multiple organ injury through sustaining intestinal homeostasis via regulating MAPK\/NF-\u03baB pathway and gut microbiota in rats","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2024.106312","article-title":"Study on the mechanism of enzymatically treated mulberry (Morus atropurpurea Roxb.) leaf protein relieves liver injury in heat stress rats","volume":"119","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-026-03238-w","article-title":"Mechanisms of heat stress-induced testicular damage in rats","volume":"70","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030734","article-title":"Beyond heat stress: Intestinal integrity disruption and mechanism-based intervention strategies","volume":"12","author":"Lian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14704","article-title":"Deciphering the intricate linkage between the gut microbiota and Alzheimer's disease: Elucidating mechanistic pathways promising therapeutic strategies","volume":"30","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyae027","article-title":"Thrombomodulin improves cognitive deficits in heat-stressed mice","volume":"27","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.111001","article-title":"The metabolite butyrate produced by gut microbiota inhibits cachexia-associated skeletal muscle atrophy by regulating intestinal barrier function and macrophage polarization","volume":"124","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17040696","article-title":"Sodium butyrate alleviates heat stress-induced oxidative stress and skeletal muscle homeostasis disruption by promoting autophagy in mice","volume":"17","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.05.012","article-title":"The impact of dietary fiber on gut microbiota in host health and disease","volume":"23","author":"Makki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-320118","article-title":"Adipose tissue derived bacteria are associated with inflammation in obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"69","author":"Massier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.01.021","article-title":"PRESS peer review of electronic search strategies: 2015 guideline statement","volume":"75","author":"McGowan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21072-y","article-title":"Galectin-3 plays an important role in preterm birth caused by dental infection of Porphyromonas gingivalis","volume":"8","author":"Miyauchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23213","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-75066-0","article-title":"In laying hens, chronic heat stress-induced renal fibrosis is potentially promoted by indoxyl sulfate","volume":"14","author":"Nanto-Hara","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020537","article-title":"The gastrointestinal exertional heat stroke paradigm: Pathophysiology, assessment, severity, aetiology and nutritional countermeasures","volume":"12","author":"Ogden","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12102953","article-title":"Gastrointestinal tolerance of low, medium and high dose acute oral l-glutamine supplementation in healthy adults: a pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Ogden","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00368.2023","article-title":"Vancomycin modestly attenuates symptom severity during onset of and recovery from exertional heat stroke in mice","volume":"135","author":"Oki","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2015.123","article-title":"Congenital generalized lipodystrophies--new insights into metabolic dysfunction","volume":"11","author":"Patni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070215","article-title":"Heat stress reduces intestinal barrier integrity and favors intestinal glucose transport in growing pigs","volume":"8","author":"Pearce","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2021.05.004","article-title":"Hypoxia and HIF-1 as key regulators of gut microbiota and host interactions","volume":"42","author":"Pral","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-017-3744-4","article-title":"Glutamine supplementation reduces markers of intestinal permeability during running in the heat in a dose-dependent manner","volume":"117","author":"Pugh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1894070","article-title":"The impact of the gut microbiota on the reproductive and metabolic endocrine system","volume":"13","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1007\/s12088-021-00948-0","article-title":"Effects of heat stress on gut microbiome in rats","volume":"61","author":"Qu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Microbiol."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2015.12.001","article-title":"Probiotics: definition, scope and mechanisms of action","volume":"30","author":"Reid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/s0047-6374(01)00384-0","article-title":"Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and cellular and organismal decline: amelioration with melatonin","volume":"123","author":"Reiter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-022-00783-3","article-title":"Heat stress in pigs and broilers: Role of gut dysbiosis in the impairment of the gut-liver axis and restoration of these effects by probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics","volume":"13","author":"Ringseis","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201200608","article-title":"Direct and indirect antioxidant properties of \u03b1-lipoic acid and therapeutic potential","volume":"57","author":"Rochette","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.670980","article-title":"Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 regulation of the primary human trophoblast cell transcriptome","volume":"9","author":"Rosario","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2016.1182294","article-title":"Do microbiotas warm their hosts","volume":"7","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-60664-9","article-title":"Periodic heat waves-induced neuronal etiology in the elderly is mediated by gut-liver-brain axis: A transcriptome profiling approach","volume":"14","author":"Roy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.09.25.509428","article-title":"Gut bacteria-derived serotonin promotes immune tolerance in early life","volume":"9","author":"Sanidad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13294","article-title":"The Yin and Yang of bile acid action on tight junctions in a model colonic epithelium","volume":"5","author":"Sarathy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1159\/000444526","article-title":"R-Ras inhibits VEGF-induced p38MAPK activation and HSP27 phosphorylation in endothelial cells","volume":"52","author":"Sawada","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Res."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4185","article-title":"Signals from the gut microbiota to distant organs in physiology and disease","volume":"22","author":"Schroeder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2666","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1299","article-title":"H-NS uses an autoinhibitory conformational switch for environment-controlled gene silencing","volume":"47","author":"Shahul Hameed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70168","article-title":"Gut microbiota dysbiosis: Pathogenesis, diseases, prevention, and therapy","volume":"6","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12071426","article-title":"The impact of high-temperature stress on gut microbiota and reproduction in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus)","volume":"12","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-018-0034-3","article-title":"Supplementation of p40, a Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG-derived protein, in early life promotes epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent intestinal development and long-term health outcomes","volume":"11","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114565","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin LL-37 preserves intestinal barrier and organ function in rats with heat stroke","volume":"161","author":"Shih","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-004-0614-8","article-title":"Arsenic intoxication-induced reduction of glutathione level and of the activity of related enzymes in rat brain regions: reversal by DL-alpha-lipoic acid","volume":"79","author":"Shila","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C1201","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00471.2010","article-title":"NF-kappaB plays an important role in indoxyl sulfate-induced cellular senescence, fibrotic gene expression, and inhibition of proliferation in proximal tubular cells","volume":"301","author":"Shimizu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02675-9","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation and replenishment of short-chain fatty acids protect against chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-induced colonic dysfunction by regulating gut microbiota, differentiation of Th17 cells, and mitochondrial energy metabolism","volume":"19","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14840","article-title":"BHBA attenuates endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent neuroinflammation via the gut-brain axis in a mouse model of heat stress","volume":"30","author":"Sui","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-02210-0","article-title":"The mechanisms behind heatstroke-induced intestinal damage","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079x.2006.00407.x","article-title":"One molecule, many derivatives: a never-ending interaction of melatonin with reactive oxygen and nitrogen species","volume":"42","author":"Tan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2022.08.008","article-title":"Chronic heat stress induces the disorder of gut transport and immune function associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress in growing pigs","volume":"11","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5438","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c00798","article-title":"Heat stress-induced intestinal barrier impairment: Current insights into the aspects of oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress","volume":"71","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679S","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2007.10719647","article-title":"The physiological relevance of the intestinal microbiota--contributions to human health","volume":"26","author":"Tappenden","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E206","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00279.2017","article-title":"Endotoxin-initiated inflammation reduces testosterone production in men of reproductive age","volume":"314","author":"Tremellen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01693-25","article-title":"Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 082 ameliorates heat stress-induced testicular injury by modulating the gut microbiota","volume":"11","author":"Tu","year":"2026","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110479","article-title":"Gut microbiota reinforce host antioxidant capacity via the generation of reactive sulfur species","volume":"38","author":"Uchiyama","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2016.02.008","article-title":"Prebiotics: definition and protective mechanisms","volume":"30","author":"Valcheva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.05.005","article-title":"Intestinal crosstalk between bile acids and microbiota and its impact on host metabolism","volume":"24","author":"Wahlstr\u00f6m","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5099","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84694-9","article-title":"Combined LC-MS\/MS and 16S rDNA analysis on mice under high temperature and humidity and Herb Yinchen protection mechanism","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01953","article-title":"Probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum promotes intestinal barrier function by strengthening the epithelium and modulating gut microbiota","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26920","article-title":"Holstein cow milk-derived Lactobacillus plantarum L19 alleviates heat stress-induced liver injury in mice by modulating gut microbiota","volume":"109","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.2741\/4363","article-title":"Tryptophan-kynurenine pathway is dysregulated in inflammation, and immune activation","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed)"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15060796","article-title":"Improvement in heat stress-induced damage to sperm quality following fecal microbiota transplantation from L-arginine-treated mice","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anim. (Basel)"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.706772","article-title":"Heat stress alters the intestinal microbiota and metabolomic profiles in mice","volume":"12","author":"Wen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2021.09.008","article-title":"Microbiota-gut-brain axis and nutritional strategy under heat stress","volume":"7","author":"Wen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5697","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49972-w","article-title":"Humid heat environment causes anxiety-like disorder via impairing gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism in mice","volume":"15","author":"Weng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3945\/an.110.1008","article-title":"Functional amino acids in growth, reproduction, and health","volume":"1","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr. (Bethesda Md)"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1734423","article-title":"Lactobacillus reuteri maintains intestinal epithelial regeneration and repairs damaged intestinal mucosa","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2024.02.014","article-title":"Melatonin alleviates high temperature exposure induced fetal growth restriction via the gut-placenta-fetus axis in pregnant mice","volume":"68","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2021.05.012","article-title":"Heat stress-induced mucosal barrier dysfunction is potentially associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis in pigs","volume":"8","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03276-7","article-title":"Exertional heat stroke-induced changes in gut microbiota cause cognitive impairment in mice","volume":"24","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14504","article-title":"Effects of acute heat stress on intestinal microbiota in grow-finishing pigs, and associations with feed intake and serum profile","volume":"128","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44154-024-00178-6","article-title":"Modulation of liver metabolism and gut microbiota by Alhagi-honey alleviated heat stress-induced liver damage","volume":"4","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stress Biol."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2021.11880","article-title":"Metabolomic profiling identifies a novel mechanism for heat stroke-related acute kidney injury","volume":"23","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa7017","article-title":"Immune tolerance. Regulatory T cells generated early in life play a distinct role in maintaining self-tolerance","volume":"348","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1005195","article-title":"Porcine bile acids promote the utilization of fat and vitamin A under low-fat diets","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"B162","first-page":"125","article-title":"Effect of Akkermansia muciniphila on organ damage following high-temperature exercise in rats","volume":"36","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. J. Microecol."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1540548","article-title":"Ligilactobacillus salivarius regulating translocation of core bacteria to enrich mouse intrinsic microbiota of heart and liver in defense of heat stress","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.13381\/j.cnki.cjm.202402001","article-title":"Effect of Akkermansia muciniphila on organ damage following high-temperature exercise in rats[J]","volume":"36","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Microecology"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13213-023-01746-3","article-title":"Protective effects of SCFAs on organ injury and gut microbiota modulation in heat-stressed rats","volume":"74","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Microbiol."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030630","article-title":"Effects of bile acids on growth performance and lipid metabolism during chronic heat stress in broiler chickens","volume":"11","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. (Basel)"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27030723","article-title":"Deoxycholic acid modulates cell-junction gene expression and increases intestinal barrier dysfunction","volume":"27","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153920","article-title":"Sheng Mai San ameliorated heat stress-induced liver injury via regulating energy metabolism and AMPK\/Drp1-dependent autophagy process","volume":"97","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-323347","article-title":"Disrupted spermatogenesis in a metabolic syndrome model: the role of vitamin A metabolism in the gut-testis axis","volume":"71","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102409","article-title":"Heat stroke: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and current treatment","volume":"100","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19592","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c07058","article-title":"Heat stress-induced fetal intrauterine growth restriction is associated with elevated LPS levels along the maternal intestine-placenta-fetus axis in pregnant mice","volume":"71","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5613","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29492","article-title":"Wnt\/beta-catenin-mediated heat exposure inhibits intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and stem cell expansion through endoplasmic reticulum stress","volume":"235","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2026.151239","article-title":"HSP70 preserves brain microvascular endothelial integrity under heat stress associated with suppressed JNK-mediated apoptosis and mitophagy","volume":"353","author":"Zhou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119500","article-title":"High-temperature exposure impairs cognitive function by disrupting the gut-brain axis: Evidence from human and rat studies","volume":"308","author":"Zhuo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041244","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids, maternal microbiota and metabolism in pregnancy","volume":"13","author":"Zietek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00646.2013","article-title":"Effects of oral glutamine supplementation on exercise-induced gastrointestinal permeability and tight junction protein expression","volume":"116","author":"Zuhl","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1930660\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T11:35:26Z","timestamp":1788953726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1930660\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"references-count":176,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1930660"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1930660","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"article-number":"1930660"}}