{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:12:59Z","timestamp":1788415979926,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      poses a significant threat to immunocompromised patients and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Pediatric populations, owing to their immature immune systems and lack of specific protective antibodies, are particularly susceptible to\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection. This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the epidemiology, resistance profiles, and molecular characteristics of pediatric\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A retrospective study was conducted at Guangxi Children\u2019s Hospital, in Nanning, China, spanning from January to December 2025. Isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF MS and serotyped via slide agglutination. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using either the DL-96 II or VITEK 2 Compact system. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was conducted on the 11 identified carbapenem-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates. Genomic analyses included multilocus sequence typing (MLST), serotyping, virulence and antimicrobial resistance gene profiling, and SNP-based phylogenetic analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 1,372 unique\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates,\n                      <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhimurium was the predominant serotype (55.1%, 757\/1,372), peaking in infants aged less than 1 year (n = 213) and during late spring and summer (May-June). High resistance rates were observed for ampicillin (70.1%), chloramphenicol (49.1%), sulfamethoxazole (41.0%), and minocycline (39.4%), with\n                      <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhimurium exhibiting significantly higher resistance to multiple antibiotics (including ceftriaxone and carbapenems) than non-Typhimurium strains (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt;\u00a00.05). Genomic analysis of the 11 carbapenem-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates revealed that 10 (90.9%) carried\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        bla\n                        <jats:sub>NDM-5<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      , while one carried\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        bla\n                        <jats:sub>NDM-13<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      , typically co-existing with\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        bla\n                        <jats:sub>TEM-1B<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        bla\n                        <jats:sub>OXA-10<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      , and IncHI2\/IncHI2A\/IncQ1 replicons. All carbapenem-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates shared 111 virulence genes (across 17 categories), showing a 100% carriage rate for 83 core virulence genes. Furthermore,\n                      <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhimurium ST34 carrying\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        bla\n                        <jats:sub>NDM-5<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      was identified as the predominant genetically related lineage.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Pediatric\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections, predominantly caused by\n                      <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhimurium, exhibit strong seasonality and primarily affect children under 2 years of age. Importantly, the detection of this genetically related,\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        bla\n                        <jats:sub>NDM-5<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      -positive\n                      <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhimurium ST34 lineage among pediatric patients underscores the risk of potential clonal dissemination within the clinical setting. These findings underscore the urgent need for continuous genomic surveillance of carbapenem-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      in pediatric settings.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1931024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:18:25Z","timestamp":1788412705000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Epidemiology, resistance profiles, and molecular characteristics of pediatric salmonella isolates: prevalence of a clonal blaNDM-5-bearing S. typhimurium ST34 cluster in Nanning"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zhenjiao","family":"Cen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children\u2019s Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenwen","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jialing","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children\u2019s Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shangjuan","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children\u2019s Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahui","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children\u2019s Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children\u2019s Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenglan","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children\u2019s Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linlin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children\u2019s Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/jotm\/1139253","article-title":"Virulence-encoding genes conserved in Salmonella isolated from humans, poultry, and seafood","volume":"2025","author":"Adesiji","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. 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