{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T05:04:46Z","timestamp":1789362286685,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011789","name":"Department of Science and Technology of Jilin Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011789","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Developing universal influenza vaccines (UIVs) capable of eliciting broad protection remains a critical public health priority. Neuraminidase (NA), a relatively conserved surface antigen of influenza viruses, is a promising target for UIV design. Here, we produced full-length trivalent NA proteins via a baculovirus-insect cell expression system, matching the WHO-recommended strains (H1N1, H3N2, and B\/Victoria) for the 2024\u20132025 season. Immunogenicity evaluation of N2NA (derived from H3N2) in mice demonstrated that nanoemulsion (NE) adjuvant significantly enhanced NA-inhibiting (NI) antibody titers, CD4 T cell responses, and the numbers of IL-2-, IL-4- and IFN-\u03b3-secreting lymphocytes compared to the unadjuvanted vaccine. Monovalent N1 NA and BV NA with NE adjuvant similarly induced stronger NI antibody responses and antiviral protection. Furthermore, the NE-adjuvanted trivalent NA vaccine (N1+N2+BV) elicited robust humoral and cellular immunity and provided effective protection in mice against two H1N1, two B\/Victoria, and one H5N1 strain. Collectively, these findings support the efficacy of a multivalent NA-based vaccine strategy and highlight its strong potential as a candidate UIV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1931757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T04:35:51Z","timestamp":1789360551000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A nanoemulsion-adjuvanted trivalent neuraminidase vaccine confers cross-protection against divergent influenza viruses"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd","place":["Changchun, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Novel Vaccines for Emerging Infectious Diseases, China National Biotec Group Company Limited","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd","place":["Changchun, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Novel Vaccines for Emerging Infectious Diseases, China National Biotec Group Company Limited","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd","place":["Changchun, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Novel Vaccines for Emerging Infectious Diseases, China National Biotec Group Company Limited","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd","place":["Changchun, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Novel Vaccines for Emerging Infectious Diseases, China National Biotec Group Company Limited","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diansong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd","place":["Changchun, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Novel Vaccines for Emerging Infectious Diseases, China National Biotec Group Company Limited","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lirui","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd","place":["Changchun, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Novel Vaccines for Emerging Infectious Diseases, China National Biotec Group Company Limited","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongbo","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd","place":["Changchun, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Novel Vaccines for Emerging Infectious Diseases, China National Biotec Group Company Limited","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yehong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd","place":["Changchun, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Novel Vaccines for Emerging Infectious Diseases, China National Biotec Group Company Limited","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2333-6","article-title":"Structural transitions in influenza haemagglutinin at membrane fusion pH","volume":"583","author":"Benton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.09.148","article-title":"Animal models for the preclinical evaluation of candidate influenza vaccines","volume":"9","author":"Bodewes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev. 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