{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T10:10:11Z","timestamp":1790331011018,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a highly adaptable bacterial pathogen that affects nearly half of the global population and plays a significant role in chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric carcinoma. The immunokinetic profile of\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection is characterized by a paradox of cellular response that does not eliminate the bacterium, alongside inconsistent mucosal antibody protection. Reported studies generally demonstrate an early increase in mucosal interleukin-8 (IL-8), followed by increased T helper 1 cells (Th1)- and T helper 17 cells (Th17)-associated cytokine responses, including interferon-\u03b3 (IFN-\u03b3), interleukin-17 (IL-17), and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) Despite these strong proinflammatory responses, the bacterium continues to survive supported by regulatory T cells (Tregs), anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-\u03b21 (IL-10, TGF-\u03b21), and immune-evasion virulence proteins such as VacA (vacuolating cytotoxin A) and CagA (Cytotoxin-associated gene A). Serologically, anti-\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    IgG is prevalent and long-lived, whereas mucosal IgA responses are variable and generally insufficient for eradication, although they may contribute to partial control of bacterial load. Although these directional trends recur across studies, where cytokine concentrations fluctuate based on sampling methods and patient demographics, clear immunological patterns remain consistent across studies. Active infection is characterized by a generally associated with increased of gastric mucosal IL-8, whereas chronic carriage features a distinct imbalance marked by relatively elevated proinflammatory IFN-\u03b3 alongside comparatively modest levels of regulatory IL-10. The imbalance in immunokinetic responses between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory networks, combined with the genetic diversity of both the host and the pathogen, plays a crucial role in determining clinical outcomes that range from asymptomatic colonization to the development of gastric malignancy. This conceptual synthesis may help identify research priorities and candidate immune patterns for future evaluation, although prospective validation is required before diagnostic, prognostic, or vaccine-related applications can be considered. This review integrates current evidence into an evidence-informed conceptual immunokinetic framework intended to generate testable hypotheses rather than define a universally fixed or clinically validated sequence of immune events.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1937516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T09:51:40Z","timestamp":1790329900000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunokinetic signatures of Helicobacter pylori infection: mechanistic insights for host immunity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hiba","family":"Orsud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University","place":["Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Elmontaser Omer","family":"Mergani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation","place":["Hanover, Germany"]},{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation","place":["Hanover, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abuyaseer","family":"Abusaliya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University","place":["Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zakeya","family":"Al Rasbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University","place":["Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merah","family":"Abo-Johar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry, University of Sharjah","place":["Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nura","family":"Abo-Johar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry, University of Sharjah","place":["Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2002.00862.x","article-title":"Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection using immunochromatography among patients attending Tamboul Hospital in Gezira State, Sudan: a cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"Abd Alla","year":"2020","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2017.06.013","article-title":"Gastric expression of IL-17A and interferon-gamma in Helicobacter pylori-infected individuals is related to symptoms","volume":"99","author":"Adamsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.3390\/clinpract12060101","article-title":"The state of cancer care in the United Arab Emirates in 2022","volume":"12","author":"Al-Shamsi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clinics and Practice"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina56040169","article-title":"Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and diagnostic methods in the Middle East and North Africa region","volume":"56","author":"Alsulaimany","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4103\/jfcm.jfcm_142_19","article-title":"Association between type 2 diabetes mellitus and Helicobacter pylori infection among saudi patients attending national guard primary health care centers in the western region","volume":"27","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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