{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:04:58Z","timestamp":1789621498520,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We previously reported that intramuscular (IM) and intranasal (IN) immunization with a recombinant\n                    <jats:italic>Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (rVCG)-based multiepitope subunit vaccine (rVCG-MECA) elicited robust long-lasting, cellular, and humoral immune effectors that protected mice against transcervical (TC) challenge infection with the homologous\n                    <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (CT) serovar D. In this study, we evaluated the ability of this vaccine to confer cross-protection against primary and secondary infection with the heterologous CT serovars F and J and induce cross-reactive immunological memory following reinfection. Thus, groups of female C57BL\/6 mice were immunized and boosted twice IM or IN 2 weeks apart with rVCG-MECA or PBS or unimmunized (na\u00efve) controls. Vaccine immunization elicited serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies with moderate to high avidity. Four weeks postimmunization, mice were challenged transcervically with 1 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    IFU of CT serovar F or J and rechallenged 10 weeks after initial challenge. The humoral and cell-mediated immune responses elicited at weeks 1 and 4 following rechallenge were evaluated. Irrespective of route of immunization, all immunized mice had significantly (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.0001) reduced genital bacterial burden beginning as early as day 3 following primary challenge infection with the heterologous serovars F and J and completely the infection by day 21. However, PBS control mice still shed high numbers of\n                    <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>\n                    at this time point. Also, mice rechallenged with serovars F and J 70 days after the primary challenge completely cleared the secondary infection by day 15. Furthermore, rechallenge of mice with serovars F and J resulted in the elicitation of high levels of chlamydial-specific IgG2a and IgA antibodies in sera and vaginal secretions as well as the production of high concentrations of the T helper-1 (Th1) cytokines, interferon-\u03b3 (IFN-\u03b3) and interleukin-12 (IL-12), and low levels of the Th2 cytokine, IL-4, in the spleen and draining lymph nodes. These findings demonstrate that rVCG-MECA induces durable, cross-protective immunity against multiple CT serovars, indicating its potential as a promising universal vaccine candidate for the prevention of genital chlamydial infections.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1941899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T04:48:05Z","timestamp":1789620485000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunization with a multisubunit vaccine induces immunological memory and cross-protective immunity against heterologous Chlamydia serovars"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Fnu","family":"Medhavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine","place":["Atlanta, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shakyra","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine","place":["Atlanta, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roshan","family":"Pais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University","place":["Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Awa","family":"Sore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine","place":["Atlanta, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuf","family":"Omosun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine","place":["Atlanta, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis O.","family":"Eko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine","place":["Atlanta, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2009.07.013","article-title":"The mucosal immune response to Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the reproductive tract in women","volume":"83","author":"Agrawal","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. R. Immunol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Suppl:1469","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(67)94133-5","article-title":"Further classification of TRIC agents from ocular trachoma and other sources by the mouse toxicity prevention test","volume":"63","author":"Alexander","year":"1967","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2012.09.008","article-title":"Assessment of IgG avidity against pertussis toxin and filamentous hemagglutinin via an adapted enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using ammonium thiocyanate","volume":"387","author":"Almanzar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.77.6.419","article-title":"Typing of Chlamydia trachomatis strains from urine samples by amplification and sequencing the major outer membrane protein gene (omp1)","volume":"77","author":"Bandea","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sex Transm. Infect."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-16721-0_2","article-title":"The role of training in STD prevention and control","volume":"20","author":"Barnes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Afr. Health"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S178","DOI":"10.1086\/652400","article-title":"Protective immunity to Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection: evidence from human studies","volume":"201","author":"Batteiger","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.02647.x","article-title":"Genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections","volume":"15","author":"Bebear","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2015.79","article-title":"A multi-subunit Chlamydia vaccine inducing neutralizing antibodies and strong IFN-\u03b3+ CMI responses protects against a genital infection in minipigs","volume":"94","author":"B\u00f8je","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.74.1.578-585.2006","article-title":"The ompA gene in Chlamydia trachomatis differs in phylogeny and rate of evolution from other regions of the genome","volume":"74","author":"Brunelle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E162","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.170846","article-title":"The genome, microbiome and evolutionary medicine","volume":"190","author":"Brunham","year":"2018","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1086\/497341","article-title":"The unexpected impact of a Chlamydia trachomatis infection control program on susceptibility to reinfection","volume":"192","author":"Brunham","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit095","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis antigens: role in immunity and pathogenesis","volume":"3","author":"Brunham","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect. Agents Dis."},{"key":"B13","volume-title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Overview of Stis","year":"2022"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S114","DOI":"10.1086\/652397","article-title":"Pathogenesis of genital tract disease due to Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"201","author":"Darville","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00543-16","article-title":"Update on Chlamydia trachomatis vaccinology","volume":"24","author":"de la Maza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4808","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.8.4808-4815.2001","article-title":"Endogenous interleukin-12 is not required for resolution of Chlamydophila abortus (Chlamydia psittaci serotype 1) infection in mice","volume":"69","author":"Del Rio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/s0168-1656(00)00315-1","article-title":"Characterization and immunogenicity of Vibrio cholerae ghosts expressing toxin-coregulated pili","volume":"83","author":"Eko","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1016\/s0264-410x(02)00677-1","article-title":"Recombinant Vibrio cholerae ghosts as a delivery vehicle for vaccinating against Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"21","author":"Eko","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3375","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.5.3375","article-title":"A novel recombinant multisubunit vaccine against Chlamydia","volume":"173","author":"Eko","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.03.027","article-title":"Evaluation of a broadly protective Chlamydia-cholera combination vaccine candidate","volume":"29","author":"Eko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.12.024","article-title":"Induction of immune memory by a multisubunit chlamydial vaccine","volume":"29","author":"Eko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20180927","article-title":"Transient T-bet expression functionally specifies a distinct T follicular helper subset","volume":"215","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00328-22","article-title":"IFN\u03b3 and antibody synergize to enhance protective immunity against chlamydia dissemination and female reproductive tract reinfections","volume":"90","author":"Gann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900295","article-title":"T cell responses in the absence of IFN-gamma exacerbate uterine infection with Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"183","author":"Gondek","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.11.139","article-title":"Chlamydia vaccines: recent developments and the role of adjuvants in future formulations","volume":"10","author":"Igietseme","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.3.1.23","article-title":"Antibody regulation of T-cell immunity: implications for vaccine strategies against intracellular pathogens","volume":"3","author":"Igietseme","year":"2004","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6798","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.68.12.6798-6806.2000","article-title":"Induction of protective immunity against Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection by a vaccine based on major outer membrane protein-lipophilic immune response-stimulating complexes","volume":"68","author":"Igietseme","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01378-15","article-title":"Tissue-resident T cells as the central paradigm of chlamydia immunity","volume":"84","author":"Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2009.0083","article-title":"The contribution of interleukin-12\/interferon-gamma axis in protection against neonatal pulmonary Chlamydia muridarum challenge","volume":"30","author":"Jupelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20111266","article-title":"A live-attenuated chlamydial vaccine protects against trachoma in nonhuman primates","volume":"208","author":"Kari","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.02167.x","article-title":"Characterization and functional analysis of PorB, a Chlamydia porin and neutralizing target","volume":"38","author":"Kubo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9080871","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis cross-serovar protection during experimental lung reinfection in mice","volume":"9","author":"Lanfermann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2592","DOI":"10.1016\/s0264-410x(02)00151-2","article-title":"Avidity maturation following vaccination with a meningococcal recombinant hexavalent PorA OMV vaccine in UK infants","volume":"20","author":"Longworth","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/s1369-5274(02)00291-6","article-title":"T cell responses to Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"5","author":"Loomis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695x.2006.00165.x","article-title":"A recombinant multivalent combination vaccine protects against Chlamydia and genital herpes","volume":"49","author":"Macmillan","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13020288","article-title":"A VCG-based multiepitope Chlamydia vaccine incorporating the cholera toxin A1 subunit (MECA) confers protective immunity against transcervical challenge","volume":"13","author":"Medhavi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2005.00267.x","article-title":"Immunologic uniqueness of the genital tract: challenge for vaccine development","volume":"53","author":"Mestecky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1086\/377134","article-title":"Fc receptor-mediated antibody regulation of T cell immunity against intracellular pathogens","volume":"188","author":"Moore","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(63)93123-4","article-title":"Trachoma viruses isolated in the United States. Vi. Cross-immunization studies in cynomolgus monkeys with strains of trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis viruses","volume":"56","author":"Mordhorst","year":"1963","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2741","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.70.6.2741-2751.2002","article-title":"Immunity to murine chlamydial genital infection","volume":"70","author":"Morrison","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7536","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.11.7536","article-title":"A predominant role for antibody in acquired immunity to chlamydial genital tract reinfection","volume":"175","author":"Morrison","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1177\/24755303211062887","article-title":"Healthcare providers face numerous challenges in treating patients with psoriasis: results from a mixed-methods study","volume":"7","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psoriasis Psoriatic Arthritis"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.03.043","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis: Cell biology, immunology and vaccination","volume":"39","author":"Murray","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-020-0157-x","article-title":"Parenteral vaccination protects against transcervical infection with Chlamydia trachomatis and generate tissue-resident T cells post-challenge","volume":"5","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-021-00312-9","article-title":"A Chlamydia trachomatis VD1-MOMP vaccine elicits cross-neutralizing and protective antibodies against C\/C-related complex serovars","volume":"6","author":"Olsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45526-2","article-title":"Immune signature of Chlamydia vaccine CTH522\/CAF(R)01 translates from mouse-to-human and induces durable protection in mice","volume":"15","author":"Olsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2010.546365","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis infections of the female genital tract: state of the art","volume":"44","author":"Paavonen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178537","article-title":"Rectal administration of a chlamydial subunit vaccine protects against genital infection and upper reproductive tract pathology in mice","volume":"12","author":"Pais","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01577","article-title":"Route of vaccine administration influences the impact of fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L) on chlamydial-specific protective immune responses","volume":"10","author":"Pais","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00722","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00722-17","article-title":"Transcervical inoculation with Chlamydia trachomatis induces infertility in HLA-DR4 transgenic and wild-type mice","volume":"86","author":"Pal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14010097","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis serovars from the C-complex and the B- and C-related complexes are significantly more pathogenic than those from the B-complex in C3H\/HeN but not in BALB\/c mice","volume":"14","author":"Pal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00070","article-title":"Seventy years of Chlamydia vaccine research - limitations of the past and directions for the future","volume":"10","author":"Phillips","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21769\/bioprotoc.3506","article-title":"Transcervical mouse infections with Chlamydia trachomatis and determination of bacterial burden","volume":"10","author":"Rajeeve","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bio Protoc."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7186","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.68.12.7186-7189.2000","article-title":"Disease outcome subsequent to primary and secondary urogenital infection with murine or human biovars of Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"68","author":"Ramsey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3019","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.6.3019-3025.1999","article-title":"Prior genital infection with a murine or human biovar of Chlamydia trachomatis protects mice against heterotypic challenge infection","volume":"67","author":"Ramsey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S168","DOI":"10.1086\/652399","article-title":"Protective immunity to chlamydial genital infection: evidence from animal studies","volume":"201","author":"Rank","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2024.105463","article-title":"Role of route of delivery on Chlamydia abortus vaccine-induced immune responses and genital tract immunity in mice","volume":"3","author":"Richardson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010333","article-title":"Th1 cells are dispensable for primary clearance of Chlamydia from the female reproductive tract of mice","volume":"18","author":"Rixon","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS Pathog."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011914","article-title":"Elimination of Chlamydia muridarum from the female reproductive tract is IL-12p40 dependent, but independent of Th1 and Th2 cells","volume":"20","author":"Rixon","year":"2024","journal-title":"PloS Pathog."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.2471\/blt.18.228486","article-title":"Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and syphilis: global prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016","volume":"97","author":"Rowley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00413","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00413-20","article-title":"Chlamydia-Specific IgA Secretion in the Female Reproductive Tract Induced via Per-Oral Immunization Confers Protection against Primary Chlamydia Challenge","volume":"89","author":"Shillova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa8205","article-title":"Vaccines. A mucosal vaccine against Chlamydia trachomatis generates two waves of protective memory T cells","volume":"348","author":"Stary","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.71.3.1200-1208.2003","article-title":"Polymorphic membrane protein H has evolved in parallel with the three disease-causing groups of Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"71","author":"Stothard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ftae015","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftae015","article-title":"In silico design and analysis of a multiepitope vaccine against Chlamydia","volume":"82","author":"Tanner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"B65","first-page":"403","article-title":"Severity of salpingitis in mice after primary and repeated inoculation with a human strain of Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"71","author":"Tuffrey","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Exp. Path."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-138-8-1707","article-title":"Heterotypic protection of mice against chlamydial salpingitis and colonization of the lower genital tract with a human serovar F isolate of C. trachomatis by prior immunization with recombinant serovar L1 major outer membrane protein","volume":"23","author":"Tuffrey","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"B67","first-page":"51","article-title":"Reinfection of the mouse genital tract with Chlamydia trachomatis: the relationship of antibody to immunity","volume":"65","author":"Tuffrey","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.67.5.2366-2370.1999","article-title":"Avidity as a determinant of the protective efficacy of human antibodies to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides","volume":"67","author":"Usinger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00105-13","article-title":"Genital Chlamydia trachomatis: understanding the roles of innate and adaptive immunity in vaccine research","volume":"27","author":"Vasilevsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2015.1111509","article-title":"Chlamydial polymorphic membrane proteins: regulation, function and potential vaccine candidates","volume":"7","author":"Vasilevsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.70.2.584-590.2002","article-title":"Antibody avidity and immunoglobulin G isotype distribution following immunization with a monovalent meningococcal B outer membrane vesicle vaccine","volume":"70","author":"Vermont","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.06.002","article-title":"Evaluation of a multisubunit recombinant polymorphic membrane protein and major outer membrane protein T cell vaccine against Chlamydia muridarum genital infection in three strains of mice","volume":"32","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1941899\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T04:48:13Z","timestamp":1789620493000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1941899\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1941899"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1941899","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"article-number":"1941899"}}