{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T05:10:37Z","timestamp":1788844237050,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Dental caries, a globally prevalent disease, burdens health and economies. Targeting\n                      <jats:italic>Candida albicans-Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      synergism aids managing severe early childhood caries and root caries. Artemisinin, a natural antimalarial, inhibits\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      virulence via hyphal and biofilm suppression, promising to disrupt this cross-kingdom cariogenic partnership.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study evaluated the inhibitory effects of seven common artemisinin compounds on the synergistic cariogenic effect of\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans-S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      biofilm, in order to expand the application of artemisinin compounds in the field of caries prevention.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Hyphal induction, biofilm formation, and CFU assays evaluated the inhibitory efficacy of the compounds against\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      . RT-qPCR examinations analyzed the expression of key virulence genes in both species. The anti-caries efficacy of artemisinin compounds was further validated in a rat caries model, demonstrated by quantitative analysis of microbial load in dental plaque and Keyes scoring for molar carious lesions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All seven artemisinin derivatives effectively inhibited hyphal formation in\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Artemisinic acid and dihydroartemisinic acid additionally exhibited direct antibacterial activity against\n                      <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      , significantly suppressing dual-species biofilm formation, EPS synthesis, and acid production. All compounds downregulated key virulence genes in both pathogens.\n                      <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      studies confirmed that artemisinic acid and dihydroartemisinic acid reduced microbial colonization and caries severity, while other derivatives primarily exerted anticaries effects by inhibiting\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      colonization.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Artemisinin compounds can reduce the synergistic cariogenic virulence of\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      by inhibiting the interaction between\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1950360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T04:26:36Z","timestamp":1788841596000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Artemisinins inhibited the synergistic cariogenic effect between Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jingzhi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]},{"name":"West China Lecheng Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Boao, Hainan, 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