{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T11:59:34Z","timestamp":1790078374371,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Most existing studies focusing on human papillomavirus (HPV)-microbiota interactions are confined to the cervicovaginal tract, while mucosal microecological crosstalk at oral, anorectal and penile sites remains insufficiently summarized. This mini-review provides a narrative synthesis of current sequencing and epidemiological evidence regarding potential bidirectional interactions between HPV infection and site-specific mucosal microbiota across extra-cervicovaginal niches in both males and females. Oral HPV reshapes microbial composition in a sex-, race- and population-dependent manner; periodontal dysbiosis, high-risk HPV and\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    jointly form a tripartite oncogenic axis that may contribute to oral squamous cell carcinoma, and periodontal inflammation independently elevates oral HPV susceptibility. Among men who have sex with men, pro-inflammatory anaerobes such as\n                    <jats:italic>Bacteroides fragilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Sneathia<\/jats:italic>\n                    accumulate in anorectal HPV-related lesions, and concurrent HIV or sexually transmitted bacterial co-infections worsen mucosal dysbiosis and viral persistence. On penile skin,\n                    <jats:italic>Corynebacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    is associated with a lower prevalence of HPV, whereas anaerobe-dominant community state types increase high-risk HPV risk, with HIV-induced baseline dysbiosis masking HPV-specific penile microbial signatures. Collectively, tissue-specific mucosal dysbiosis may represent an important co-factor linked to persistent HPV infection and subsequent malignant transformation. This review offsets long-standing sex-related and anatomical research bias, clarifies multi-site host-virus-microbe mechanisms, and provides theoretical support for developing microbiota-based biomarkers and microecological interventions to prevent non-cervical HPV-associated malignancies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1962165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:59:44Z","timestamp":1790074784000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond cervicovaginal limitations: potential bidirectional interactions between HPV infection and mucosal microbiota from oral, anorectal and penile sites \u2014 a mini-review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Hospital of Jilin University","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuyang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Hospital of Jilin University","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Hospital of Jilin University","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28963","article-title":"Human papillomavirus DNA prevalence and type distribution in anal carcinomas worldwide","volume":"136","author":"Alemany","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. 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