{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T19:50:32Z","timestamp":1769629832217,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":219,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,6]],"date-time":"2018-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541462400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2018.00155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,6]],"date-time":"2018-11-06T04:47:10Z","timestamp":1541479630000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Cell Sources for Tissue Engineering Strategies to Treat Calcific Valve Disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Eva","family":"Jover","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Fagnano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianni","family":"Angelini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Madeddu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.01.017","article-title":"Coronary artery calcification: pathogenesis and prognostic implications","volume":"63","author":"Madhavan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199907153410302","article-title":"Association of aortic-valve sclerosis with cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in the elderly","volume":"341","author":"Otto","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s11936-008-0003-3","article-title":"Slowing the progression of aortic stenosis","volume":"10","author":"Maganti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.87.4.1179","article-title":"Distribution of circumferential stress in ruptured and stable atherosclerotic lesions","volume":"87","author":"Cheng","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.11.1522","article-title":"Bone formation and inflammation in cardiac valves","volume":"103","author":"Mohler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.02.040","article-title":"Human degenerative valve disease is associated with up-regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 receptor-mediated bone formation","volume":"47","author":"Caira","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe0807001","article-title":"Calcific aortic stenosis\u2013time to look more closely at the valve","volume":"359","author":"Otto","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-668X(03)00201-X","article-title":"A prospective survey of patients with valvular heart disease in Europe: the Euro heart survey on valvular heart disease","volume":"24","author":"Iung","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur Heart J."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2010.202","article-title":"Epidemiology of valvular heart disease in the adult","volume":"8","author":"Iung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.2310\/6650.2007.00010","article-title":"Epidemiology and genetics of calcific aortic valve disease","volume":"55","author":"O'Brien","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Investig Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(96)00563-3","article-title":"Clinical factors associated with calcific aortic valve disease","volume":"29","author":"Stewart","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hfc.2006.09.010","article-title":"The epidemiology of valvular heart disease: a growing public health problem","volume":"2","author":"Supino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Heart Fail Clin."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2010.11.007","article-title":"Bicuspid aortic valve disease: the role of oxidative stress in Lrp5 bone formation","volume":"20","author":"Rajamannan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Pathol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(93)90249-Z","article-title":"Prevalence of aortic valve abnormalities in the elderly: an echocardiographic study of a random population sample","volume":"21","author":"Lindroos","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.894170","article-title":"Natural history of very severe aortic stenosis","volume":"121","author":"Rosenhek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69208-8","article-title":"Burden of valvular heart diseases: a population-based study","volume":"368","author":"Nkomo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e012240","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012240","article-title":"Cohort profile: prevalence of valvular heart disease in community patients with suspected heart failure in UK","volume":"7","author":"Marciniak","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2262","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.95.9.2262","article-title":"Prospective study of asymptomatic valvular aortic stenosis. Clinical, echocardiographic, and exercise predictors of outcome","volume":"95","author":"Otto","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e003287","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.116.003287","article-title":"Quantifying the shift toward transcatheter aortic valve replacement in low-risk patients: a meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"De Sciscio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2010.205096","article-title":"Valvular heart disease: the next cardiac epidemic","volume":"97","author":"d'Arcy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1161\/hy1001.096358","article-title":"Arterial calcifications, arterial stiffness, and cardiovascular risk in end-stage renal disease","volume":"38","author":"Blacher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.08.035","article-title":"10-year coronary heart disease risk prediction using coronary artery calcium and traditional risk factors: derivation in the MESA (multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis) with validation in the HNR (Heinz Nixdorf Recall) study and the DHS (Dallas Heart Study)","volume":"66","author":"McClelland","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2009.08.007","article-title":"Cardiovascular events with absent or minimal coronary calcification: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"158","author":"Budoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am Heart J."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/60.5.616","article-title":"Cartilaginous transformation of the aortic valve","volume":"60","author":"Seemayer","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000013741.41309.67","article-title":"Bone formation in carotid plaques: a clinicopathological study","volume":"33","author":"Hunt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2007.09.011","article-title":"Comparison of the aortic valve calcium content in the bicuspid and tricuspid stenotic aortic valve using non-enhanced 64-detector-row-computed tomography with prospective ECG-triggering","volume":"68","author":"Ferda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.02.537","article-title":"2014 AHA\/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: executive summary: a report of the American college of cardiology\/American heart association task force on practice guidelines","volume":"63","author":"Nishimura","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2009.0706","article-title":"Valvular heart disease: diagnosis and management","volume":"85","author":"Maganti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200008313430903","article-title":"Predictors of outcome in severe, asymptomatic aortic stenosis","volume":"343","author":"Rosenhek","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.05.100","article-title":"Flow-dependent changes in Doppler-derived aortic valve effective orifice area are real and not due to artifact","volume":"47","author":"Kadem","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2223-3652.2014.01.02","article-title":"4D flow imaging with MRI","volume":"4","author":"Stankovic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diagn Ther."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mric.2014.08.006","article-title":"4D flow MRI applications for aortic disease","volume":"23","author":"Burris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s11748-017-0834-5","article-title":"New imaging tools in cardiovascular medicine: computational fluid dynamics and 4D flow MRI","volume":"65","author":"Itatani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2011.05.004","article-title":"4D flow CMR in assessment of valve-related ascending aortic disease","volume":"4","author":"Hope","year":"2011","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25916","article-title":"4D flow MRI, cardiac function, and T1 -mapping: association of valve-mediated changes in aortic hemodynamics with left ventricular remodeling","volume":"48","author":"Geiger","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24856","article-title":"Congenital heart disease assessment with 4D flow MRI","volume":"42","author":"Vasanawala","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(90)90282-T","article-title":"Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography","volume":"15","author":"Agatston","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2016.06.007","article-title":"CT calcium scoring. History, current status and outlook","volume":"98","author":"Sandfort","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diagn Interv Imaging"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1177\/000331979004101203","article-title":"Coronary artery calcification detected by CT: clinical significance and angiographic correlates","volume":"41","author":"Masuda","year":"1990","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/00005382-199112000-00010","article-title":"The functional significance of calcification of coronary arteries as detected on CT","volume":"7","author":"Timins","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Thorac Imaging"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.006767","article-title":"Calcific aortic valve disease: not simply a degenerative process: a review and agenda for research from the National Heart and lung and blood institute aortic stenosis working group","volume":"124","author":"Rajamannan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-011-0199-7","article-title":"The Heinz Nixdorf Recall study and its potential impact on the adoption of atherosclerosis imaging in European primary prevention guidelines","volume":"13","author":"Mahabadi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2005.09.090","article-title":"Reproducibility of CT measurements of aortic valve calcification, mitral annulus calcification, and aortic wall calcification in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Budoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acad Radiol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.805911","article-title":"Evolving concepts of cardiac valve dynamics: the continuum of development, functional structure, pathobiology, and tissue engineering","volume":"118","author":"Schoen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2016.02.002","article-title":"Osteogenesis in calcified aortic valve disease: from histopathological observation towards molecular understanding","volume":"122","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog Biophys Mol Biol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.172387","article-title":"Mineral surface in calcified plaque is like that of bone: further evidence for regulated mineralization","volume":"28","author":"Duer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.112.971028","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms of aortic valve calcification","volume":"5","author":"Leopold","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Interv."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02556120","article-title":"Heterotopic ossification: clinical and cellular aspects","volume":"49","author":"Sawyer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-11-0395","article-title":"Cardiovascular calcification: an inflammatory disease","volume":"75","author":"New","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ J."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1067\/mtc.2002.119696","article-title":"Aortic valve cusp vessel density: relationship with tissue thickness","volume":"123","author":"Weind","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000130462.50769.5a","article-title":"Unique morphology and focal adhesion development of valvular endothelial cells in static and fluid flow environments","volume":"24","author":"Butcher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000196624.70507.0d","article-title":"Transcriptional profiles of valvular and vascular endothelial cells reveal phenotypic differences: influence of shear stress","volume":"26","author":"Butcher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.234237","article-title":"Cell-matrix interactions in the pathobiology of calcific aortic valve disease: critical roles for matricellular, matricrine, and matrix mechanics cues","volume":"108","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2007.070251","article-title":"The emerging role of valve interstitial cell phenotypes in regulating heart valve pathobiology","volume":"171","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Pathol."},{"key":"B55","first-page":"841","article-title":"Dynamic and reversible changes of interstitial cell phenotype during remodeling of cardiac valves","volume":"13","author":"Rabkin-Aikawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Heart Valve Dis."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1161\/hc4601.099489","article-title":"Activated interstitial myofibroblasts express catabolic enzymes and mediate matrix remodeling in myxomatous heart valves","volume":"104","author":"Rabkin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"I229","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIRCULATIONAHA.104.524306","article-title":"Atorvastatin inhibits hypercholesterolemia-induced calcification in the aortic valves via the Lrp5 receptor pathway","volume":"112","author":"Rajamannan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2660","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000017435.87463.72","article-title":"Atorvastatin inhibits hypercholesterolemia-induced cellular proliferation and bone matrix production in the rabbit aortic valve","volume":"105","author":"Rajamannan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5329","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.8.5329","article-title":"The lymphocytic infiltration in calcific aortic stenosis predominantly consists of clonally expanded T cells","volume":"178","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.654913","article-title":"Multimodality molecular imaging identifies proteolytic and osteogenic activities in early aortic valve disease","volume":"115","author":"Aikawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B61","first-page":"654","article-title":"Polyclonal origin of T lymphocytes in human atherosclerotic plaques","volume":"65","author":"Stemme","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lab Invest."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.2174\/157340308785160552","article-title":"Notch signaling in cardiovascular disease and calcification","volume":"4","author":"Rusanescu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rev."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2009.03.108","article-title":"Molecular and cellular mechanisms of aortic stenosis","volume":"135","author":"Yetkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-008-0400-9","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms underlying the onset of degenerative aortic valve disease","volume":"87","author":"Hakuno","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Mol Med."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H224","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00521.2005","article-title":"Correlation between heart valve interstitial cell stiffness and transvalvular pressure: implications for collagen biosynthesis","volume":"290","author":"Merryman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000249379.55535.21","article-title":"Vascular calcification: pathobiological mechanisms and clinical implications","volume":"99","author":"Johnson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2938","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.743161","article-title":"Vascular calcification: pathobiology of a multifaceted disease","volume":"117","author":"Demer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.591768","article-title":"Human semilunar cardiac valve remodeling by activated cells from fetus to adult: implications for postnatal adaptation, pathology, and tissue engineering","volume":"113","author":"Aikawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000070591.21548.69","article-title":"Human aortic valve calcification is associated with an osteoblast phenotype","volume":"107","author":"Rajamannan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.234914","article-title":"Arterial calcification in chronic kidney disease: key roles for calcium and phosphate","volume":"109","author":"Shanahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)62520-5","article-title":"Aortic valve endothelial cells undergo transforming growth factor-beta-mediated and non-transforming growth factor-beta-mediated transdifferentiation in vitro","volume":"159","author":"Paranya","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Pathol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.216184","article-title":"Mitral valve endothelial cells with osteogenic differentiation potential","volume":"31","author":"Wylie-Sears","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.2006.12.905","article-title":"Valvular endothelial cells regulate the phenotype of interstitial cells in co-culture: effects of steady shear stress","volume":"12","author":"Butcher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tissue Eng."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2013.04.001","article-title":"Endothelial nitric oxide signaling regulates Notch1 in aortic valve disease","volume":"60","author":"Bosse","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.08.008","article-title":"Notch1 represses osteogenic pathways in aortic valve cells","volume":"47","author":"Nigam","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.03.058","article-title":"Age-associated aortic stenosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice","volume":"46","author":"Tanaka","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2006.07.014","article-title":"Calcification and cellularity in human aortic heart valve tissue determine the differentiation of bone-marrow-derived cells","volume":"41","author":"Leskela","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2011.08.006","article-title":"Recruitment of bone marrow-derived valve interstitial cells is a normal homeostatic process","volume":"51","author":"Hajdu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fj201700653R","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201700653R","article-title":"Inhibition of enzymes involved in collagen cross-linking reduces vascular smooth muscle cell calcification","volume":"2018","author":"Jover","year":"","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0163858","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163858","article-title":"Calcific aortic valve disease is associated with layer-specific alterations in collagen architecture","volume":"11","author":"Hutson","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32187","article-title":"Regulation of valvular interstitial cell calcification by components of the extracellular matrix","volume":"90","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res A."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.234146","article-title":"Molecular imaging insights into early inflammatory stages of arterial and aortic valve calcification","volume":"108","author":"New","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.09.025","article-title":"In situ elasticity modulation with dynamic substrates to direct cell phenotype","volume":"31","author":"Kloxin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.34162","article-title":"Investigating the role of substrate stiffness in the persistence of valvular interstitial cell activation","volume":"100","author":"Quinlan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res A."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/s13239-018-0363-0","article-title":"The roles of matrix stiffness and ss-catenin signaling in endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition of aortic valve endothelial cells","volume":"9","author":"Zhong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Eng Technol."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2004.04.034","article-title":"Angiogenic activation of valvular endothelial cells in aortic valve stenosis","volume":"298","author":"Chalajour","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000163634.51301.0d","article-title":"Angiogenesis and pericytes in the initiation of ectopic calcification","volume":"96","author":"Collett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1476","article-title":"Chondromodulin-I maintains cardiac valvular function by preventing angiogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Yoshioka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(03)00245-4","article-title":"Angiogenesis is involved in the pathogenesis of nonrheumatic aortic valve stenosis","volume":"34","author":"Soini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum Pathol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3296","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.473165","article-title":"Calcified rheumatic valve neoangiogenesis is associated with vascular endothelial growth factor expression and osteoblast-like bone formation","volume":"111","author":"Rajamannan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1007\/s004670000339","article-title":"Chondromodulin-I as a novel cartilage-specific growth-modulating factor","volume":"14","author":"Hiraki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.23.2.636-644.2003","article-title":"Chondromodulin I is a bone remodeling factor","volume":"23","author":"Nakamichi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(97)00291-3","article-title":"Stimulation of osteoblast proliferation by the cartilage-derived growth promoting factors chondromodulin-I and -II","volume":"406","author":"Mori","year":"1997","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27743","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027743","article-title":"Inhibitory role of Notch1 in calcific aortic valve disease","volume":"6","author":"Acharya","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.3109\/01913123.2014.991884","article-title":"HIF-1alpha and VEGF: immunohistochemical profile and possible function in human aortic valve stenosis","volume":"39","author":"Perrotta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrastruct Pathol."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.151.4.879","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase 9 and vascular endothelial growth factor are essential for osteoclast recruitment into developing long bones","volume":"151","author":"Engsig","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Cell Biol."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3737","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2010.0304","article-title":"Opposite effects of transforming growth factor-beta1 and vascular endothelial growth factor on the degeneration of aortic valvular interstitial cell are modified by the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin: implications for heart valve engineering","volume":"16","author":"Gwanmesia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Part A."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1097\/00001573-200403000-00013","article-title":"Angiogenic modulators in valve development and disease: does valvular disease recapitulate developmental signaling pathways?","volume":"19","author":"Shworak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cardiol."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200403050","article-title":"Beta-catenin is required for endothelial-mesenchymal transformation during heart cushion development in the mouse","volume":"166","author":"Liebner","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Cell Biol."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(05)43005-3","article-title":"Cell biology of cardiac cushion development","volume":"243","author":"Person","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int Rev Cytol."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.334","article-title":"Recent progress in the treatment of vascular calcification","volume":"78","author":"O'Neill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000155623.48408.C5","article-title":"Frequency by decades of unicuspid, bicuspid, and tricuspid aortic valves in adults having isolated aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis, with or without associated aortic regurgitation","volume":"111","author":"Roberts","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2011.04.048","article-title":"Aortic valve surgery: marked increases in volume and significant decreases in mechanical valve use\u2013an analysis of 41,227 patients over 5 years from the Society for Cardiothoracic Surgery in Great Britain and Ireland National database","volume":"142","author":"Dunning","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg."},{"key":"B104","first-page":"40","article-title":"Outcomes of patients with untreated severe aortic stenosis in real-world practice","volume":"124","author":"Perera","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Z Med J."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcn052","article-title":"Outcomes of elderly patients aged 80 and over with symptomatic, severe aortic stenosis: impact of patient's choice of refusing aortic valve replacement on survival","volume":"101","author":"Kojodjojo","year":"2008","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e84","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.176857","article-title":"ACC\/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing committee to revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease): developed in collaboration with the society of cardiovascular anesthesiologists: endorsed by the Society for cardiovascular angiography and interventions and the society of thoracic surgeons","volume":"114","author":"Bonow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2011.01.008","article-title":"Aortic valve disease and treatment: the need for naturally engineered solutions","volume":"63","author":"Butcher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e323","DOI":"10.1002\/term.2326","article-title":"The future of heart valve replacement: recent developments and translational challenges for heart valve tissue engineering","volume":"12","author":"Fioretta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Tissue Eng Regen Med."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2011.21","article-title":"Interventional cardiology: percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation: 1-year safety and efficacy reported in German study","volume":"8","author":"Schmitt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.778886","article-title":"Prosthetic heart valves: selection of the optimal prosthesis and long-term management","volume":"119","author":"Pibarot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.10.085","article-title":"Choice of prosthetic heart valve in adults an update","volume":"55","author":"Rahimtoola","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.03.011","article-title":"2017 AHA\/ACC Focused Update of the 2014 AHA\/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American college of cardiology\/American heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines","volume":"70","author":"Nishimura","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2009.02132.x","article-title":"Lipid-mediated inflammation and degeneration of bioprosthetic heart valves","volume":"39","author":"Shetty","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.07.042","article-title":"Role of circulating osteogenic progenitor cells in calcific aortic stenosis","volume":"60","author":"Gossl","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2010.08.054","article-title":"Recellularization of aortic valves in pigs","volume":"39","author":"Honge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg."},{"key":"B116","first-page":"78","article-title":"Hemodynamic characteristics of the Matrix P decellularized xenograft for pulmonary valve replacement during the Ross operation","volume":"14","author":"Konertz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Heart Valve Dis."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2004.06.033","article-title":"Calcification of tissue heart valve substitutes: progress toward understanding and prevention","volume":"79","author":"Schoen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.10293","article-title":"Collagen fiber disruption occurs independent of calcification in clinically explanted bioprosthetic heart valves","volume":"62","author":"Sacks","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-7021(11)70058-X","article-title":"Biomaterials and scaffolds for tissue engineering","volume":"14","author":"O'Brien","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater Today"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.06.1091","article-title":"Physiological growth, remodeling potential, and preserved function of a novel bioprosthetic tricuspid valve: tubular bioprosthesis made of small intestinal submucosa-derived extracellular matrix","volume":"66","author":"Zafar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2005.04.008","article-title":"Transcatheter placement of a low-profile biodegradable pulmonary valve made of small intestinal submucosa: a long-term study in a swine model","volume":"130","author":"Ruiz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.04.059","article-title":"Off-the-shelf human decellularized tissue-engineered heart valves in a non-human primate model","volume":"34","author":"Weber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12951","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12951","article-title":"Tissue engineering of acellular vascular grafts capable of somatic growth in young lambs","volume":"7","author":"Syedain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-061008-124903","article-title":"Bioengineering challenges for heart valve tissue engineering","volume":"11","author":"Sacks","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biomed Eng."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.02.007","article-title":"In situ heart valve tissue engineering using a bioresorbable elastomeric implant - From material design to 12 months follow-up in sheep","volume":"125","author":"Kluin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.04.033","article-title":"JetValve: rapid manufacturing of biohybrid scaffolds for biomimetic heart valve replacement","volume":"133","author":"Capulli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"AA68","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-17-00509","article-title":"Restorative valve therapy by endogenous tissue restoration: tomorrow's world? Reflection on the EuroPCR 2017 session on endogenous tissue restoration","volume":"13","author":"Serruys","year":"2017","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-016-1605-7","article-title":"Implantation of a tissue-engineered tubular heart valve in growing lambs","volume":"45","author":"Reimer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S38635","article-title":"Techniques for fabrication and construction of three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering","volume":"8","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldw017","article-title":"Vascular stem cells-potential for clinical application","volume":"118","author":"Slater","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br Med Bull."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2014.0123","article-title":"In vivo applications of electrospun tissue-engineered vascular grafts: a review","volume":"20","author":"Rocco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Part B Rev."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2015.1051527","article-title":"Current progress in tissue engineering of heart valves: multiscale problems, multiscale solutions","volume":"15","author":"Cheung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1177\/2150135116664873","article-title":"Current status of tissue engineering heart valve","volume":"7","author":"Shinoka","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1615\/JLongTermEffMedImplants.2015011817","article-title":"Application of hydrogels in heart valve tissue engineering","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Long Term Eff Med Implants"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobme.2017.12.006","article-title":"Heart valve tissue engineering for valve replacement and disease modeling","volume":"5","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biomed Eng"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-014-1209-z","article-title":"Emerging trends in heart valve engineering: part I","volume":"43","author":"Kheradvar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/s13239-016-0277-7","article-title":"Morphology, Clinicopathologic correlations, and mechanisms in heart valve health and disease","volume":"9","author":"Schoen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Eng Technol."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.71594","author":"Mosier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Calcification of Biomaterials and Diseased States"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.33490","article-title":"Surface heparin treatment of the decellularized porcine heart valve: effect on tissue calcification","volume":"105","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2005.03.051","article-title":"Modelling oxygen diffusion and cell growth in a porous, vascularizing scaffold for soft tissue engineering applications","volume":"60","author":"Tristan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem Eng Sci."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-007-0500-9","article-title":"Effect of reduced oxygen tension and long-term mechanical stimulation on chondrocyte-polymer constructs","volume":"331","author":"Wernike","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2007.0231","article-title":"Hypoxia in static and dynamic 3D culture systems for tissue engineering of bone","volume":"14","author":"Volkmer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Part A."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-11-92","article-title":"Use of a special bioreactor for the cultivation of a new flexible polyurethane scaffold for aortic valve tissue engineering","volume":"11","author":"Aleksieva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Online"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.33552","article-title":"Design and efficacy of a single-use bioreactor for heart valve tissue engineering","volume":"105","author":"Converse","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2015.00039","article-title":"Stem cell therapy and tissue engineering for correction of congenital heart disease","volume":"3","author":"Avolio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvt055","article-title":"Noggin attenuates the osteogenic activation of human valve interstitial cells in aortic valve sclerosis","volume":"98","author":"Poggio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1002\/term.2010","article-title":"Cells for tissue engineering of cardiac valves","volume":"10","author":"Jana","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Tissue Eng Regen Med."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.256149","article-title":"Steps toward safe cell therapy using induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"112","author":"Okano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"III44","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.suppl_3.III-44","article-title":"Functional living trileaflet heart valves grown in vitro","volume":"102","author":"Hoerstrup","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"I143","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000032872.55215.05","article-title":"Tissue engineering of functional trileaflet heart valves from human marrow stromal cells","volume":"106","author":"Hoerstrup","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.04.024","article-title":"Minimally-invasive implantation of living tissue engineered heart valves: a comprehensive approach from autologous vascular cells to stem cells","volume":"56","author":"Schmidt","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2014.09.001","article-title":"Development of decellularized aortic valvular conduit coated by heparin-SDF-1alpha multilayer","volume":"99","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1594.2006.00258.x","article-title":"Tissue engineering of heart valves in vivo using bone marrow-derived cells","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Artif Organs"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2007.05.005","article-title":"In vivo autologous recellularization of a tissue-engineered heart valve: are bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells the best candidates?","volume":"134","author":"Vincentelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2012.0078","article-title":"Percutaneous tissue-engineered pulmonary valved stent implantation: comparison of bone marrow-derived CD133+-cells and cells obtained from carotid artery","volume":"19","author":"Boldt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Part C Methods"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.498378","article-title":"From stem cells to viable autologous semilunar heart valve","volume":"111","author":"Sutherland","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.07.045","article-title":"Cyclic flexure and laminar flow synergistically accelerate mesenchymal stem cell-mediated engineered tissue formation: Implications for engineered heart valve tissues","volume":"27","author":"Engelmayr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2009.11.006","article-title":"In vivo monitoring of function of autologous engineered pulmonary valve","volume":"139","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.10.019","article-title":"The role of organ level conditioning on the promotion of engineered heart valve tissue development in-vitro using mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"31","author":"Ramaswamy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.03.015","article-title":"Decellularized homologous tissue-engineered heart valves as off-the-shelf alternatives to xeno- and homografts","volume":"33","author":"Dijkman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B161","first-page":"806","article-title":"Tissue engineering of cardiac valves: re-seeding of acellular porcine aortic valve matrices with human mesenchymal progenitor cells","volume":"14","author":"Knight","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Heart Valve Dis."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"I125","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.001040","article-title":"Living autologous heart valves engineered from human prenatally harvested progenitors","volume":"114","author":"Schmidt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1089\/107632703322066660","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of endothelial progenitors and cardiac valve endothelial cells: proliferation and differentiation on poly-glycolic acid\/poly-4-hydroxybutyrate scaffold in response to vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor beta1","volume":"9","author":"Dvorin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tissue Eng."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2009.0424","article-title":"Endothelial progenitor cells as a sole source for ex vivo seeding of tissue-engineered heart valves","volume":"16","author":"Sales","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Part A"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.19577","article-title":"Adult stem cells in vascular remodeling","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3223","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.2006.12.3223","article-title":"Engineering of biologically active living heart valve leaflets using human umbilical cord-derived progenitor cells","volume":"12","author":"Schmidt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tissue Eng."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e54622","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054622","article-title":"The effect of Heparin-VEGF multilayer on the biocompatibility of decellularized aortic valve with platelet and endothelial progenitor cells","volume":"8","author":"Ye","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"I132","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.001065","article-title":"Clinical application of tissue engineered human heart valves using autologous progenitor cells","volume":"114","author":"Cebotari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"I64","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.681494","article-title":"Prenatally fabricated autologous human living heart valves based on amniotic fluid derived progenitor cells as single cell source","volume":"116","author":"Schmidt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-016-5750-1","article-title":"Promotion of adhesion and proliferation of endothelial progenitor cells on decellularized valves by covalent incorporation of RGD peptide and VEGF","volume":"27","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Mater Sci Mater Med."},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2014.04.075","article-title":"Engineering patient-specific valves using stem cells generated from skin biopsy specimens","volume":"98","author":"Simpson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.02.025","article-title":"Human iPSC-derived mesenchymal stem cells encapsulated in PEGDA hydrogels mature into valve interstitial-like cells","volume":"71","author":"Nachlas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2005.06.007","article-title":"Activation of valvular interstitial cells is mediated by transforming growth factor-beta1 interactions with matrix molecules","volume":"24","author":"Cushing","year":"2005","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.30412","article-title":"Serum deprivation improves seeding and repopulation of acellular matrices with valvular interstitial cells","volume":"75","author":"Cushing","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res A."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.08.031","article-title":"Characterization of valvular interstitial cell function in three dimensional matrix metalloproteinase degradable PEG hydrogels","volume":"30","author":"Benton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2012.11.014","article-title":"Effect of biodegradation and de novo matrix synthesis on the mechanical properties of valvular interstitial cell-seeded polyglycerol sebacate-polycaprolactone scaffolds","volume":"9","author":"Sant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-017-9747-z","article-title":"Development and characterization of a porcine mitral valve scaffold for tissue engineering","volume":"10","author":"Granados","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Transl Res."},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2015.02.058","article-title":"A hybrid tissue-engineered heart valve","volume":"99","author":"Alavi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg."},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2008.07.003","article-title":"A perivascular origin for mesenchymal stem cells in multiple human organs","volume":"3","author":"Crisan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6503","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1015449108","article-title":"Dual origin of mesenchymal stem cells contributing to organ growth and repair","volume":"108","author":"Feng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-013-14626","article-title":"Natural history of mesenchymal stem cells, from vessel walls to culture vessels","volume":"71","author":"Murray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci."},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.22402","article-title":"Human adult stem cells from diverse origins: an overview from multiparametric immunophenotyping to clinical applications","volume":"85","author":"Sousa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cytometry"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-011-0762-2","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells and progenitor cells in connective tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: is there a future for transplantation?","volume":"396","author":"Hilfiker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Langenbecks Arch Surg."},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.749853","article-title":"Hypoxia induces near-native mechanical properties in engineered heart valve tissue","volume":"119","author":"Balguid","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201700918","article-title":"Developing a clinically relevant tissue engineered heart valve-a review of current approaches","author":"Nachlas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater."},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2018.03.022","article-title":"Cardiovascular tissue engineering: from basic science to clinical application","author":"Fioretta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol."},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/0967-2109(95)00142-5","article-title":"The sheep as an animal model for heart valve research","volume":"4","author":"Ali","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Surg."},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2041731417726327","DOI":"10.1177\/2041731417726327","article-title":"Recellularization of decellularized heart valves: progress toward the tissue-engineered heart valve","volume":"8","author":"VeDepo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Tissue Eng."},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.304346","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of Cell-based CaRdiac stUdiEs (ACCRUE) in patients with acute myocardial infarction based on individual patient data","volume":"116","author":"Gyongyosi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.11.005","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of selected bone marrow stem cells on left ventricular function in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"177","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol."},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1007\/s12195-013-0275-x","article-title":"High-level shear stress stimulates endothelial differentiation and VEGF secretion by human mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"6","author":"Yuan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Mol Bioeng."},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1002\/term.1483","article-title":"In vitro differentiation of bone marrow derived porcine mesenchymal stem cells to endothelial cells","volume":"7","author":"Pankajakshan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Tissue Eng Regen Med."},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5302.964","article-title":"Isolation of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angiogenesis","volume":"275","author":"Asahara","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"I193","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.001628","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta1 modulates extracellular matrix production, proliferation, and apoptosis of endothelial progenitor cells in tissue-engineering scaffolds","volume":"114","author":"Sales","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-011-9312-0","article-title":"Progenitor cells confer plasticity to cardiac valve endothelium","volume":"4","author":"Bischoff","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Transl Res."},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a006692","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a006692","article-title":"Human endothelial progenitor cells","volume":"2","author":"Yoder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med."},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.85.3.221","article-title":"Bone marrow origin of endothelial progenitor cells responsible for postnatal vasculogenesis in physiological and pathological neovascularization","volume":"85","author":"Asahara","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2011.10.005","article-title":"Bioengineered self-seeding heart valves","volume":"143","author":"Jordan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg."},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2009.09.057","article-title":"Late-term results of tissue-engineered vascular grafts in humans","volume":"139","author":"Hibino","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg."},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2011.06.009","article-title":"Ten years of clinical results with a tissue-engineered pulmonary valve","volume":"92","author":"Dohmen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg."},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.4002","article-title":"PEGylated poly(ester amide) elastomer scaffolds for soft tissue engineering","volume":"28","author":"Xue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polym Adv Technol."},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtchem.2017.05.001","article-title":"Recent advances on electrospun scaffolds as matrices for tissue-engineered heart valves","volume":"5","author":"Mohsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Materials Today Chemistry"},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-017-1871-z","article-title":"Phenotype transformation of aortic valve interstitial cells due to applied shear stresses within a microfluidic chip","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng."},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E363","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1704637115","article-title":"Creation of disease-inspired biomaterial environments to mimic pathological events in early calcific aortic valve disease","volume":"115","author":"Porras","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201300505","article-title":"Electrospun PGS:PCL microfibers align human valvular interstitial cells and provide tunable scaffold anisotropy","volume":"3","author":"Masoumi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater."},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2015.11.003","article-title":"Biomechanical conditioning of tissue engineered heart valves: too much of a good thing?","volume":"96","author":"Parvin Nejad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev."},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-387786-4.00006-3","article-title":"Heart valve development, maintenance, and disease: the role of endothelial cells","volume":"100","author":"Tao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Top Dev Biol."},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39969","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039969","article-title":"Redirecting valvular myofibroblasts into dormant fibroblasts through light-mediated reduction in substrate modulus","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2851","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2012.01617.x","article-title":"Perivascular cells for regenerative medicine","volume":"16","author":"Crisan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med."},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2014.01.011","article-title":"Pericyte-endothelial crosstalk: implications and opportunities for advanced cellular therapies","volume":"163","author":"Geevarghese","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl Res."},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2016.05.009","article-title":"Discovering cardiac pericyte biology: From physiopathological mechanisms to potential therapeutic applications in ischemic heart disease","volume":"86","author":"Avolio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vascul Pharmacol."},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2018.04.015","article-title":"The pericyte secretome: Potential impact on regeneration","author":"Gaceb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002043","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002043","article-title":"Expansion and characterization of neonatal cardiac pericytes provides a novel cellular option for tissue engineering in congenital heart disease","volume":"4","author":"Avolio","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc."},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.251546","article-title":"Transplantation of human pericyte progenitor cells improves the repair of infarcted heart through activation of an angiogenic program involving micro-RNA-132","volume":"109","author":"Katare","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306146","article-title":"Combined intramyocardial delivery of human pericytes and cardiac stem cells additively improves the healing of mouse infarcted hearts through stimulation of vascular and muscular repair","volume":"116","author":"Avolio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e006727","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.006727","article-title":"Transplantation of allogeneic pericytes improves myocardial vascularization and reduces interstitial fibrosis in a swine model of reperfused acute myocardial infarction","volume":"7","author":"Alvino","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc."},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9150(95)05727-7","article-title":"Modifications induced by atherogenic diet in the capacity of the arterial wall in rats to respond to surgical insult","volume":"122","author":"Bujan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI19628","article-title":"Abundant progenitor cells in the adventitia contribute to atherosclerosis of vein grafts in ApoE-deficient mice","volume":"113","author":"Hu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3122","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000105722.96112.67","article-title":"Endothelial replacement and angiogenesis in arteriosclerotic lesions of allografts are contributed by circulating progenitor cells","volume":"108","author":"Hu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fcvm.2018.00155\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,6]],"date-time":"2018-11-06T04:47:14Z","timestamp":1541479634000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fcvm.2018.00155\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,6]]},"references-count":219,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcvm.2018.00155"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2018.00155","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-055X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-055X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,6]]},"article-number":"155"}}