{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T02:15:26Z","timestamp":1772244926546,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]],"date-time":"2021-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold>\n                    To estimate the burden of myocarditis (MC), alcoholic cardiomyopathy (AC), and other cardiomyopathy (OC) for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    We collected detailed information on MC, AC, and OC between 1990 and 2017 from the Global Burden of Disease study 2017, which was designed to provide a systematic assessment of health loss due to diseases and injuries in 21 regions, covering 195 countries and territories. Estimates of MC, AC, and OC burden were produced using a standard Cause of Death Ensemble model and a Bayesian mixed-effects meta-regression tool, and included prevalence, deaths, years lived with disability (YLDs), and years of life lost (YLLs). All estimates were presented as counts, age-standardized rates per 100,000 people and percentage change, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Worldwide, there were 1.80 million (95% UI 1.64\u20131.98) cases of MC, 1.62 million (95% UI 1.37\u20131.90) cases of AC and 4.21 million (95% UI 3.63\u20134.87) cases of OC, contributing to 46,486 (95% UI 39,709\u201351,824), 88,890 (95% UI 80,935\u201396,290), and 233,159 (95% UI 213,677\u2013248,289) deaths in 2017, respectively. Furthermore, globally, there were 131,376 (95% UI 90,113\u2013183,001) YLDs and 1.26 million (95% UI 1.10\u20131.42) YLLs attributable to MC, 139,087 (95% UI 95,134\u2013196,130) YLDs and 2.84 million (95% UI 2.60\u20133.07) YLLs attributable to AC, and 353,325 (95% UI 237,907\u2013493,908) YLDs and 5.51 million (95% UI 4.95\u20135.99) YLLs attributable to OC in 2017. At the national level, the age-standardized prevalence rates varied by 10.4 times for MC, 252.6 times for AC and 38.1 times for OC; the age-standardized death rates varied by 43.9 times for MC, 531.0 times for AC and 43.3 times for OC; the age-standardized YLD rates varied by 12.4 times for MC, 223.7 times for AC, and 34.1 times for OC; and the age-standardized YLL rates varied by 38.4 times for MC, 684.8 times for AC, and 36.2 times for OC. Between 1990 and 2017, despite the decreases in age-standardized rates, the global numbers of prevalent cases, deaths, YLDs, and YLLs have increased for all the diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Accurate assessment of the burden of MC, AC, and OC is essential for formulating effective preventative prevention and treatment programs and optimizing health system resource allocation. Our results suggest that MC, AC, and OC remain important global public health problems with increasing numbers of prevalent cases, deaths, YLDs, and YLLs over the past decades, and there are significant geographic variations in the burden of these diseases. Further research is warranted to expand our knowledge of potential risk factors and to improve the prevention, early detection and treatment of these diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.610989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T13:58:42Z","timestamp":1613138322000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Global, Regional, and National Burden of Myocarditis and Cardiomyopathy, 1990\u20132017"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Haijiang","family":"Dai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dor","family":"Lotan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arsalan Abu","family":"Much","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arwa","family":"Younis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicola Luigi","family":"Bragazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianhong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-019-0213-2","article-title":"Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: 2019 and beyond","volume":"16","author":"Cardoso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rec.2015.10.015","article-title":"Update on myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy: reemergence of endomyocardial biopsy","volume":"69","author":"Dominguez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed)"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313578","article-title":"Management of myocarditis-related cardiomyopathy in adults","volume":"124","author":"Tschope","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-00435-x","article-title":"Myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy: current evidence and future directions","volume":"12","author":"Tschope","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306573","article-title":"Myocarditis","volume":"118","author":"Fung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60648-X","article-title":"Myocarditis","volume":"379","author":"Sagar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.309711","article-title":"Classification, epidemiology, and global burden of cardiomyopathies","volume":"121","author":"McKenna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.09.937","article-title":"The quest for new approaches in myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy","volume":"68","author":"Heymans","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32154-2","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"390","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32335-3","article-title":"Collaborators. 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