{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T10:26:04Z","timestamp":1785839164152,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) is a non-invasive method used to measure fluid volumes. In this report, we compare BIS measurements from patients with heart failure (HF) to those from healthy adults, and describe how these point-of-care fluid volume assessments may be applied to HF management.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods and results:<\/jats:bold>Fluid volumes were measured in 64 patients with NYHA class II or III HF and 69 healthy control subjects. BIS parameters including extracellular fluid (ECF), intracellular fluid (ICF), total body water (TBW), and ECF as a percentage of TBW (ECF%TBW) were analyzed. ECF%TBW values for the HF and control populations differed significantly (49.2 \u00b1 3.2% vs. 45.2 \u00b1 2.1%, respectively;<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.001); both distributions satisfied criteria for normality. Interquartile ranges did not overlap (46.7\u201351.0% vs. 43.8\u201346.4%, respectively;<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.001). Subgroup analyses of HF patients who underwent transthoracic echocardiography showed that impedance measurements correlated with inferior vena cava size (Pearson correlation \u22120.73,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.0001). A case study is presented for illustrative purposes.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>BIS-measured ECF%TBW values were significantly higher in HF patients as compared to adults without HF. We describe three strata of ECF%TBW (normal, elevated, fluid overload) that may aid in clinical risk stratification and fluid volume monitoring of HF patients.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Trial Registration:<\/jats:bold>COMPARE \u2013<jats:ext-link>www.ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>; IMPEL \u2013<jats:ext-link>www.ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>; Heart Failure at Home \u2013<jats:ext-link>www.ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>, identifier: NCT02939053; NCT02857231; NCT04013373.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.636718","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T13:25:03Z","timestamp":1617801903000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Clinical Utility of Fluid Volume Assessment in Heart Failure Patients Using Bioimpedance Spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Accardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley S.","family":"Matsubara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richelle L.","family":"Gaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Daleiden-Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James Thomas","family":"Heywood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.15420\/cfr.2016:25:2","article-title":"Global public health burden of heart failure","volume":"3","author":"Savarese","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiac Failure Rev"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e56","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000659","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics-2019 update: a report from the American Heart Association","volume":"139","author":"Benjamin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s40256-018-0277-0","article-title":"Stable but progressive nature of heart failure: considerations for primary care physicians","volume":"18","author":"Anand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Cardiovasc Drugs"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.216476","article-title":"Diagnoses and timing of 30-day readmissions after hospitalization for heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, or pneumonia","volume":"309","author":"Dharmarajan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.125435","article-title":"Rehospitalization for heart failure: predict or prevent?","volume":"126","author":"Desai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2006.4.47","article-title":"Bioimpedance analysis: scientific background","volume":"4","author":"Cornish","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lymphat Res Biol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2174\/1875181400901010003","article-title":"Inter-instrument comparison of bioimpedance spectroscopic analysers","volume":"1","author":"Ward","year":"2009","journal-title":"Open Med Devices J"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-03885-3_148","article-title":"Monitoring of body fluid in patients with chronic heart failure using Bioimpedance-Spectroscopy","volume":"25","author":"Beckmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"IFMBE Proc 25\/VII"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/35\/6\/917","article-title":"Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy as a fluid management system in heart failure","volume":"35","author":"Weyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810797","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/810797","article-title":"Feasibility of bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy measurement before and after thoracentesis","volume":"2015","author":"Zink","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2014.03.015","article-title":"Adding \u201chemodynamic and fluid leads\u201d to the ECG. 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