{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T02:47:08Z","timestamp":1790822828546,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Arterial calcification refers to the abnormal deposition of calcium salts in the arterial wall, which results in vessel lumen stenosis and vascular remodeling. Studies increasingly show that arterial calcification is a cell mediated, reversible and active regulated process similar to physiological bone mineralization. The osteoblasts and chondrocytes-like cells are present in large numbers in the calcified lesions, and express osteogenic transcription factor and bone matrix proteins that are known to initiate and promote arterial calcification. In addition, osteoclast-like cells have also been detected in calcified arterial walls wherein they possibly inhibit vascular calcification, similar to the catabolic process of bone mineral resorption. Therefore, tilting the balance between osteoblast-like and osteoclast-like cells to the latter maybe a promising therapeutic strategy against vascular calcification. In this review, we have summarized the current findings on the origin and functions of osteoblast-like and osteoclast-like cells in the development and progression of vascular progression, and explored novel therapeutic possibilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.639740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T04:18:32Z","timestamp":1619151512000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["The Cell Origin and Role of Osteoclastogenesis and Osteoblastogenesis in Vascular Calcification"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Wenhong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhanman","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaodong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanzhen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuning","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.119.230276","article-title":"Vascular calcification: the evolving relationship of vascular calcification to major acute coronary events","volume":"60","author":"Strauss","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.10.050","article-title":"Does vascular calcification accelerate inflammation?: a substudy of the dal-PLAQUE trial","volume":"67","author":"Joshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-012-0051-3","article-title":"Prevalence of thoracic aortic calcification and its relationship to cardiovascular risk factors and coronary calcification in an unselected population-based cohort: the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study","volume":"29","author":"Kalsch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2018.1467886","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for vascular calcification in Chinese patients receiving dialysis: baseline results from a prospective cohort study","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(03)00976-7","article-title":"Relation of thoracic aortic and aortic valve calcium to coronary artery calcium and risk assessment","volume":"92","author":"Wong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.313131","article-title":"Arterial stiffness: a focus on vascular calcification and its link to bone mineralization","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002353","article-title":"Endochondral bone formation is involved in media calcification in rats and in men","volume":"72","author":"Neven","year":"2007","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.204834","article-title":"Chondrocyte rather than osteoblast conversion of vascular cells underlies medial calcification in uremic rats","volume":"30","author":"Neven","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.189118","article-title":"Dietary vitamin D inadequacy accelerates calcification and osteoblast-like cell formation in the vascular system of LDL receptor knockout and wild-type mice","volume":"144","author":"Schmidt","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvw205","article-title":"Runx2 deletion in smooth muscle cells inhibits vascular osteochondrogenesis and calcification but not atherosclerotic lesion formation","volume":"112","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res."},{"key":"B11","unstructured":"Osteocalcin regulates arterial calcification via altered Wnt signaling and glucose metabolism35767 RashdanNA SimAM CuiL PhadwalK RobertsFL CarterR 10.1002\/jbmr.388831596966J Bone Miner Res352020"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3109\/13697137.2016.1164134","article-title":"Osteoporosis and vascular calcification in postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study","volume":"19","author":"Lampropoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1159\/000331056","article-title":"Vascular calcification is associated with cortical bone loss in chronic renal failure rats with and without ovariectomy: the calcification paradox","volume":"34","author":"De Schutter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02390833","article-title":"Bone loss and the progression of abdominal aortic calcification over a 25 year period: the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"68","author":"Kiel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2009.03535.x","article-title":"Lower bone mineral density is associated with higher coronary calcification and coronary plaque burdens by multidetector row coronary computed tomography in pre- and postmenopausal women","volume":"71","author":"Choi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000003226","article-title":"Bone mineral density and aortic calcification: evidence for a bone-vascular axis after kidney transplantation","volume":"105","author":"Sotomayor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70428","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11070428","article-title":"Sclerostin as regulatory molecule in vascular media calcification and the bone-vascular axis","volume":"11","author":"De Mare","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.12.003","article-title":"TNAP stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell trans-differentiation into chondrocytes through calcium deposition and BMP-2 activation: Possible implication in atherosclerotic plaque stability","volume":"1863","author":"Fakhry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2019.04.006","article-title":"IL-6 and sIL-6R induces STAT3-dependent differentiation of human VSMCs into osteoblast-like cells through JMJD2B-mediated histone demethylation of RUNX2","volume":"124","author":"Kurozumi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2012.08.019","article-title":"Effects of bisphosphonate treatment on circulating osteogenic endothelial progenitor cells in postmenopausal women","volume":"88","author":"Peris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1998.13.5.828","article-title":"Vascular pericytes express osteogenic potential in vitro and in vivo","volume":"13","author":"Doherty","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5193","article-title":"Inflammation induces endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and promotes vascular calcification through downregulation of BMPR2","volume":"247","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Duffhues","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2013.0318","article-title":"Urokinase receptor mediates osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and vascular calcification via the complement C5a receptor","volume":"23","author":"Kalbasi Anaraki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.19-0281","article-title":"Reprogramming of human fibroblasts into osteoblasts by insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl Med"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2005.04.035","article-title":"Changes in cardiovascular calcification after parathyroidectomy in patients with ESRD","volume":"46","author":"Bleyer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F1376","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.90737.2008","article-title":"The calcimimetic AMG 641 accelerates regression of extraosseous calcification in uremic rats","volume":"296","author":"Lopez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.34","article-title":"Effect of a magnesium-based phosphate binder on medial calcification in a rat model of uremia","volume":"83","author":"De Schutter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.213","article-title":"Phosphate restriction significantly reduces mortality in uremic rats with established vascular calcification","volume":"84","author":"Finch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-014-9929-5","article-title":"Phosphate binders prevent phosphate-induced cellular senescence of vascular smooth muscle cells and vascular calcification in a modified, adenine-based uremic rat model","volume":"96","author":"Yamada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-07-035345","article-title":"Regression of warfarin-induced medial elastocalcinosis by high intake of vitamin K in rats","volume":"109","author":"Schurgers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.528984","article-title":"Regression of medial elastocalcinosis in rat aorta: a new vascular function for carbonic anhydrase","volume":"112","author":"Essalihi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.051211","article-title":"Reversibility of calcitriol-induced medial artery calcification in rats with intact renal function","volume":"21","author":"Bas","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bone Mineral Res"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2014.01.011","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite and calcified elastin induce osteoblast-like differentiation in rat aortic smooth muscle cells","volume":"323","author":"Lei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12756","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31190-2","article-title":"The osteoprogenitor-specific loss of ephrinB1 results in an osteoporotic phenotype affecting the balance between bone formation and resorption","volume":"8","author":"Arthur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2002.17.1.91","article-title":"Effects of geranylgeranoic acid in bone: induction of osteoblast differentiation and inhibition of osteoclast formation","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1691\/ph.2017.7606","article-title":"Satb1 promotes osteoclastogenesis by recruiting CBP to upregulate miR-223 expression in chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder","volume":"72","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40253","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40253","article-title":"Osteopontin regulates macrophage activation and osteoclast formation in hypertensive patients with vascular calcification","volume":"7","author":"Ge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2015.11.010","article-title":"Multinucleated giant cells in atherosclerotic plaques of human carotid arteries: identification of osteoclast-like cells and their specific proteins in artery wall","volume":"99","author":"Qiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Mol Pathol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001534","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001534","article-title":"Vascular calcifying progenitor cells possess bidirectional differentiation potentials","volume":"11","author":"Cho","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2006.07.001","article-title":"Toward cell therapy for vascular calcification: osteoclast-mediated demineralization of calcified elastin","volume":"16","author":"Simpson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Pathol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.68.4.810","article-title":"Neutral sites for calcium ion binding to elastin and collagen: a charge neutralization theory for calcification and its relationship to atherosclerosis","volume":"68","author":"Urry","year":"1971","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.108.183053","article-title":"Smooth muscle cells give rise to osteochondrogenic precursors and chondrocytes in calcifying arteries","volume":"104","author":"Speer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.152058","article-title":"Vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation to an osteogenic phenotype involves TRPM7 modulation by magnesium","volume":"56","author":"Montezano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.3109\/03008207.2010.551567","article-title":"Deposition of apatite in mineralizing vertebrate extracellular matrices: a model of possible nucleation sites on type I collagen","volume":"52","author":"Silver","year":"2011","journal-title":"Connect Tissue Res"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2017.02.003","article-title":"The content of collagen type II in human arteries is correlated with the stage of atherosclerosis and calcification foci","volume":"28","author":"Kuzan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Pathol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.22948","article-title":"Oxidized low-density lipoprotein promotes osteoblast differentiation in primary cultures of vascular smooth muscle cells by up-regulating Osterix expression in an Msx2-dependent manner","volume":"112","author":"Taylor","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2012.04.149","article-title":"SOX9 and myocardin counteract each other in regulating vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation","volume":"422","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9456","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00759-06","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic protein-induced MSX1 and MSX2 inhibit myocardin-dependent smooth muscle gene transcription","volume":"26","author":"Hayashi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.01.067","article-title":"Gelatinases promote calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells by up-regulating bone morphogenetic protein-2","volume":"470","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2017.12.009","article-title":"Mechanisms of arterial calcification: the role of matrix vesicles","volume":"55","author":"Zazzeroni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.238808","article-title":"Calcium regulates key components of vascular smooth muscle cell-derived matrix vesicles to enhance mineralization","volume":"109","author":"Kapustin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.305012","article-title":"Vascular smooth muscle cell calcification is mediated by regulated exosome secretion","volume":"116","author":"Kapustin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/03008207.2018.1444759","article-title":"Proteomic profiling of extracellular vesicles released from vascular smooth muscle cells during initiation of phosphate-induced mineralization","volume":"59","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2018","journal-title":"Connect Tissue Res"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200700612","article-title":"Proteome analysis of matrix vesicles isolated from femurs of chicken embryo","volume":"8","author":"Balcerzak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.04.007","article-title":"Characterisation of matrix vesicles in skeletal and soft tissue mineralisation","volume":"87","author":"Cui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-015-9962-z","article-title":"Rat aortic smooth muscle cells cultured on hydroxyapatite differentiate into osteoblast-like cells via BMP-2-SMAD-5 pathway","volume":"96","author":"Nahar-Gohad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-016-0178-7","article-title":"Can intestinal phosphate binding or inhibition of hydroxyapatite growth in the vascular wall halt the progression of established aortic calcification in chronic kidney disease?","volume":"99","author":"Neven","year":"2016","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35577","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M005648200","article-title":"The roles of annexins and types II and X collagen in matrix vesicle-mediated mineralization of growth plate cartilage","volume":"275","author":"Kirsch","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.07.019","article-title":"Matrix vesicles induce calcification of recipient vascular smooth muscle cells through multiple signaling pathways","volume":"93","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0131589","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131589","article-title":"Differential miRNA expression in cells and matrix vesicles in vascular smooth muscle cells from rats with kidney disease","volume":"10","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2018.00027","article-title":"Cell phenotype transitions in cardiovascular calcification","volume":"5","author":"Hortells","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470319413.ch14","article-title":"Molecular control of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation and phenotypic plasticity","volume":"283","author":"Owens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Novartis Found Symp"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2018.08.019","article-title":"Smooth muscle cell-driven vascular diseases and molecular mechanisms of VSMC plasticity","volume":"52","author":"Frismantiene","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.118.311874","article-title":"TLR2 promotes vascular smooth muscle cell chondrogenic differentiation and consequent calcification via the concerted actions of osteoprotegerin suppression and IL-6-mediated RANKL induction","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvq378","article-title":"Arterial injury promotes medial chondrogenesis in Sm22 knockout mice","volume":"90","author":"Shen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.117.309054","article-title":"Estrogen receptor control of atherosclerotic calcification and smooth muscle cell osteogenic differentiation","volume":"37","author":"McRobb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvs126","article-title":"Sources of cells that contribute to atherosclerotic intimal calcification: an in vivo genetic fate mapping study","volume":"94","author":"Naik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0512-5","article-title":"Atheroprotective roles of smooth muscle cell phenotypic modulation and the TCF21 disease gene as revealed by single-cell analysis","volume":"25","author":"Wirka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0191976","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191976","article-title":"Implication of molecular vascular smooth muscle cell heterogeneity among arterial beds in arterial calcification","volume":"13","author":"Espitia","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-11-113","article-title":"High glucose mediates endothelial-to-chondrocyte transition in human aortic endothelial cells","volume":"11","author":"Tang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.242594","article-title":"Inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein signaling reduces vascular calcification and atherosclerosis","volume":"32","author":"Derwall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvv221","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic protein 6 and oxidized low-density lipoprotein synergistically recruit osteogenic differentiation in endothelial cells","volume":"108","author":"Yung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0117098","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117098","article-title":"Inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein signal transduction prevents the medial vascular calcification associated with matrix Gla protein deficiency","volume":"10","author":"Malhotra","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.113.301792","article-title":"A role for the endothelium in vascular calcification","volume":"113","author":"Yao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulat Res"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0167936","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167936","article-title":"Endothelial-mesenchymal transition in vascular calcification of Ins2Akita\/+ mice","volume":"11","author":"Guihard","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2016.06.009","article-title":"RANKL promotes osteoblastic activity in vascular smooth muscle cells by upregulating endothelial BMP-2 release","volume":"77","author":"Davenport","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivy339","article-title":"Mechanical stress alters the expression of calcification-related genes in vascular interstitial and endothelial cells","volume":"28","author":"Rutkovskiy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfy325","article-title":"Endothelial cells exposed to phosphate and indoxyl sulphate promote vascular calcification through interleukin-8 secretion","volume":"34","author":"Bouabdallah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101191","article-title":"Microvesicles from the plasma of elderly subjects and from senescent endothelial cells promote vascular calcification","volume":"9","author":"Alique","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2015.10.004","article-title":"Bone like arterial calcification in femoral atherosclerotic lesions: prevalence and role of osteoprotegerin and pericytes","volume":"51","author":"Davaine","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e107642","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107642","article-title":"Osteoprotegerin, pericytes and bone-like vascular calcification are associated with carotid plaque stability","volume":"9","author":"Aikawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000223056.68892.8b","article-title":"Dexamethasone downregulates calcification-inhibitor molecules and accelerates osteogenic differentiation of vascular pericytes: implications for vascular calcification","volume":"98","author":"Kirton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000074881.56564.46","article-title":"Receptor tyrosine kinase Axl modulates the osteogenic differentiation of pericytes","volume":"92","author":"Collett","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.0625","article-title":"Advanced glycation endproducts accelerate calcification in microvascular pericytes","volume":"258","author":"Yamagishi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s003920070096","article-title":"Role of pericytes in vascular calcification: a review","volume":"89","author":"Canfield","year":"2000","journal-title":"Z Kardiol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.97.3.449","article-title":"Pericytes derived from the retinal microvasculature undergo calcification in vitro","volume":"97","author":"Schor","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0132506","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132506","article-title":"Vascular adventitia calcification and its underlying mechanism","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI24140","article-title":"Msx2 promotes cardiovascular calcification by activating paracrine Wnt signals","volume":"115","author":"Shao","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2007.060930","article-title":"Osteogenic responses in fibroblasts activated by elastin degradation products and transforming growth factor-beta1: role of myofibroblasts in vascular calcification","volume":"171","author":"Simionescu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1159\/000065461","article-title":"Cellular component of vascular calcification. Fibroblasts are essential for calcium deposition in cultured cells","volume":"92","author":"Watanabe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3897","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1216","article-title":"TNFR1-activated reactive oxidative species signals up-regulate osteogenic Msx2 programs in aortic myofibroblasts","volume":"153","author":"Towler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s13770-016-9124-z","article-title":"Differentiation of rat dermal mesenchymal cells and calcification in three-dimensional cultures","volume":"13","author":"Suyama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Regen Med"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165296","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/165296","article-title":"Transfer of bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells influences vascular remodeling and calcification after balloon injury in hyperlipidemic rats","volume":"2012","author":"Liao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biomed Biotechnol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1994","article-title":"Osteogenesis of heterotopically transplanted mesenchymal stromal cells in rat models of chronic kidney disease","volume":"28","author":"Kramann","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2315","article-title":"Differentiation of vascular stem cells contributes to ectopic calcification of atherosclerotic plaque","volume":"34","author":"Leszczynska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2013.0528","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells recruited by active TGF\u03b2 contribute to osteogenic vascular calcification","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6053567","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6053567","article-title":"The bioactive substance secreted by MSC retards mouse aortic vascular smooth muscle cells calcification","volume":"2018","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-018-0894-1","article-title":"Conditioned medium from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells inhibits vascular calcification through blockade of the BMP2-Smad1\/5\/8 signaling pathway","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1159\/000347102","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D receptor activator therapy on vitamin D receptor and osteocalcin expression in circulating endothelial progenitor cells of hemodialysis patients","volume":"35","author":"Cianciolo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood Purif"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.12366","article-title":"Correlation between osteocalcin-positive endothelial progenitor cells and spotty calcification in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.3112","article-title":"CD10 expression identifies a subset of human perivascular progenitor cells with high proliferation and calcification potentials","volume":"38","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.08.001","article-title":"Adventitial MSC-like cells are progenitors of vascular smooth muscle cells and drive vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease","volume":"19","author":"Kramann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2814","article-title":"Identification of adult mesodermal progenitor cells and hierarchy in atherosclerotic vascular calcification","volume":"36","author":"Cho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C658","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00313.2011","article-title":"A dynamic model of calcific nodule destabilization in response to monocyte- and oxidized lipid-induced matrix metalloproteinases","volume":"302","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.109.202333","article-title":"Heat shock protein 70 enhances vascular bone morphogenetic protein-4 signaling by binding matrix Gla protein","volume":"105","author":"Yao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulat Res"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C362","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00322.2012","article-title":"Atmospheric ultrafine particles promote vascular calcification via the NF-kappaB signaling pathway","volume":"304","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000157671.47477.71","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor-I regulates proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation of calcifying vascular cells via extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways","volume":"96","author":"Radcliff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000216009.68958.e6","article-title":"N-3 fatty acids inhibit vascular calcification via the p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma pathways","volume":"98","author":"Abedin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X15597076","article-title":"The association of bone and osteoclasts with vascular calcification","volume":"20","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vasc Med"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2010.486408","article-title":"Carbonic anhydrases II and XII are up-regulated in osteoclast-like cells in advanced human atherosclerotic plaques-Tampere Vascular Study","volume":"42","author":"Oksala","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.113.302576","article-title":"Cystathionine gamma-lyase accelerates osteoclast differentiation: identification of a novel regulator of osteoclastogenesis by proteomic analysis","volume":"34","author":"Itou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.21886","article-title":"Oxidized low density lipoprotein decreases Rankl-induced differentiation of osteoclasts by inhibition of Rankl signaling","volume":"221","author":"Maziere","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd2020031","article-title":"N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase suppresses lysosomal hydrolases in dysfunctional osteoclasts: a potential mechanism for vascular calcification","volume":"2","author":"Lei","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Dev Dis"},{"key":"B114","first-page":"E45","article-title":"Macrophages highly express carbonic anhydrase 2 and play a significant role in demineralization of the ectopic calcification","volume":"63","author":"Barinda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kobe J Med Sci"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.02.035","article-title":"Rabbit models provide insights into bone formation related biological process in atherosclerotic vascular calcification","volume":"496","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.222547","article-title":"Runx2-upregulated receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand in calcifying smooth muscle cells promotes migration and osteoclastic differentiation of macrophages","volume":"31","author":"Byon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.117.309513","article-title":"Oligogalacturonic acid inhibits vascular calcification by two mechanisms: inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell osteogenic conversion and interaction with collagen","volume":"37","author":"Hodroge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.10.115","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor 21 ameliorates vascular calcification by inhibiting osteogenic transition in vitamin D3 plus nicotine-treated rats","volume":"495","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2019.172772","article-title":"Aloe-emodin inhibits osteogenic differentiation and calcification of mouse vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"865","author":"Sapkota","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.310262","article-title":"Human alternative macrophages populate calcified areas of atherosclerotic lesions and display impaired RANKL-induced osteoclastic bone resorption activity","volume":"121","author":"Chinetti-Gbaguidi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s10142-019-00669-0","article-title":"Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes alleviate high phosphorus-induced vascular smooth muscle cells calcification by modifying microRNA profiles","volume":"19","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Funct Integr Genomics"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5141","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.5182","article-title":"Indirect coculture of vascular smooth muscle cells with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells inhibits vascular calcification and downregulates the Wnt signaling pathways","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14036","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14492-9","article-title":"Effect of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on vascular calcification in rats with adenine-induced kidney disease","volume":"7","author":"Yokote","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2013.1242","article-title":"The Wnt5a\/Ror2 pathway is associated with determination of the differentiation fate of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vascular calcification","volume":"31","author":"Xin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2021.639740\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,2]],"date-time":"2021-05-02T08:42:58Z","timestamp":1619944978000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2021.639740\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]]},"references-count":124,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcvm.2021.639740"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2021.639740","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-055X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-055X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]]},"article-number":"639740"}}