{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T20:16:14Z","timestamp":1782850574801,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]],"date-time":"2021-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Therapeutic hypothermia has been used for treating brain injury after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Its potential benefit on minimizing myocardial ischemic injury has been explored, but clinical evidence has yet to confirm positive results in preclinical studies. Importantly, therapeutic hypothermia for myocardial infarction is unique in that it can be initiated prior to reperfusion, in contrast to its application for brain injury in resuscitated cardiac arrest patients. Recent advance in cooling technology allows more rapid cooling of the heart than ever and new clinical trials are designed to examine the efficacy of rapid therapeutic hypothermia for myocardial infarction. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding the effect of hypothermia on normal and ischemic hearts and discuss issues to be solved in order to realize its clinical application for treating acute myocardial infarction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.642843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]],"date-time":"2021-02-15T16:40:51Z","timestamp":1613407251000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Effects of Therapeutic Hypothermia on Normal and Ischemic Heart"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Kelly P.","family":"Yamada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taro","family":"Kariya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadao","family":"Aikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiyotake","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2007.04.028","article-title":"The effect of body temperature in a rat model of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"39","author":"Delbridge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transplant Proc."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.65.5.1263","article-title":"Degree and time sequence of hypothermic protection against experimental ischemic acute renal failure","volume":"65","author":"Zager","year":"1989","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199309000-00019","article-title":"Delay in cooling negates the beneficial effect of mild resuscitative cerebral hypothermia after cardiac arrest in dogs: a prospective, randomized study","volume":"21","author":"Kuboyama","year":"1993","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000000224","article-title":"Induced hypothermia reduces the hepatic inflammatory response in a swine multiple trauma model","volume":"76","author":"Frohlich","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-016-0500-x","article-title":"Hypothermia can reverse hepatic oxidative stress damage induced by hypoxia in rats","volume":"72","author":"Garnacho-Castano","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Physiol Biochem."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3181a73eea","article-title":"Induced hypothermia attenuates the acute lung injury in hemorrhagic shock","volume":"68","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Trauma."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22014","article-title":"Systemic hypothermia improves histological and functional outcome after cervical spinal cord contusion in rats","volume":"514","author":"Lo TP","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvq227","article-title":"The small chill: mild hypothermia for cardioprotection?","volume":"88","author":"Tissier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2015.07.011","article-title":"The Society of Thoracic Surgeons, The Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, and The American Society of ExtraCorporeal Technology: clinical practice guidelines for cardiopulmonary bypass\u2013temperature management during cardiopulmonary bypass","volume":"29","author":"Engelman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012689","article-title":"Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest","volume":"346","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa003289","article-title":"Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia","volume":"346","author":"Bernard","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2010.02083.x","article-title":"Cardiac function during mild hypothermia in pigs: increased inotropy at the expense of diastolic dysfunction","volume":"199","author":"Post","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0b013e3283333a7d","article-title":"Haemodynamic consequences of mild therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest","volume":"27","author":"Bergman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000515","article-title":"Bradycardia during therapeutic hypothermia is associated with good neurologic outcome in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest","volume":"42","author":"Staer-Jensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2015-308559","article-title":"Therapeutic hypothermia in ST elevation myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised control trials","volume":"102","author":"Villablanca","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200105000-00025","article-title":"Defibrillation energy requirements and electrical heterogeneity during total body hypothermia","volume":"29","author":"Ujhelyi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1053\/ajem.2002.32633","article-title":"Electrocardiographic manifestations of hypothermia","volume":"20","author":"Mattu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.13351","article-title":"Mild hypothermia (33 degrees C) increases the inducibility of atrial fibrillation: An in vivo large animal model study","volume":"41","author":"Manninger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R100","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11369","article-title":"Electrocardiographic changes in therapeutic hypothermia","volume":"16","author":"Rolfast","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.289.6449.874","article-title":"Cardiac arrhythmias during rewarming of patients with accidental hypothermia","volume":"289","author":"Rankin","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br Med J."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0736(83)80155-1","article-title":"The J wave in accidental hypothermia","volume":"16","author":"Okada","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Electrocardiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e531","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-17-00279","article-title":"COOL AMI EU pilot trial: a multicentre, prospective, randomised controlled trial to assess cooling as an adjunctive therapy to percutaneous intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction","volume":"13","author":"Noc","year":"2017","journal-title":"EuroIntervention."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001958","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and targeted temperature management-are we giving it the attention it deserves?","volume":"44","author":"Thomsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1089\/ther.2015.0009","article-title":"Therapeutic hypothermia for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction-combined analysis of the RAPID MI-ICE and the CHILL-MI trials","volume":"5","author":"Erlinge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-015-0429-9","article-title":"Inducibility of ventricular fibrillation during mild therapeutic hypothermia: electrophysiological study in a swine model","volume":"13","author":"Kudlicka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Transl Med."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S186","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181aa5241","article-title":"Mechanisms of action, physiological effects, and complications of hypothermia","volume":"37","author":"Polderman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.63.1.61","article-title":"Cardiac cooling increases Emax without affecting relation between O2 consumption and systolic pressure-volume area in dog left ventricle","volume":"63","author":"Suga","year":"1988","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02058352","article-title":"The inotropic consequences of cooling: studies in the isolated rat heart","volume":"5","author":"Fukunami","year":"1989","journal-title":"Heart Vessels."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1964.206.1.67","article-title":"Ventricular performance, pressure-volume relationships, and o2 consumption during hypothermia","volume":"206","author":"Monroe","year":"1964","journal-title":"Am J Physiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1510\/icvts.2004.097188","article-title":"The effects of cardiac cooling under surface-induced hypothermia on the cardiac function in the in situ heart","volume":"4","author":"Nishimura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H65","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1999.277.1.H65","article-title":"O(2) cost of contractility but not of mechanical energy increases with temperature in canine left ventricle","volume":"277","author":"Mikane","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s40635-015-0041-6","article-title":"Systolic left ventricular function is preserved during therapeutic hypothermia, also during increases in heart rate with impaired diastolic filling","volume":"3","author":"Kerans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med Exp."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/0011-2240(85)90032-X","article-title":"Salutary effects of moderate hypothermia on the circulatory and myocardial consequences of acute coronary occlusion in dogs","volume":"22","author":"Bergmann","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cryobiology."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2011.11.031","article-title":"Cardiovascular and microvascular responses to mild hypothermia in an ovine model","volume":"83","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"Resuscitation."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2018-0248","article-title":"Cardiac autonomic function during hypothermia and its measurement repeatability","volume":"44","author":"Hodges","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.15.4.512","article-title":"Cardiovascular function in hypothermic anesthetized man","volume":"15","author":"Rose","year":"1957","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1080\/08941930500327047","article-title":"Mild hypothermia impairs left ventricular diastolic but not systolic function","volume":"18","author":"Fischer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Invest Surg."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2011.02332.x","article-title":"The induction of mild hypothermia improves systolic function of the resuscitated porcine heart at no further sympathetic activation","volume":"203","author":"Schwarzl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R211","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9334","article-title":"Post-hypothermic cardiac left ventricular systolic dysfunction after rewarming in an intact pig model","volume":"14","author":"Filseth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(01)01694-1","article-title":"The effects of hypothermia on human left ventricular contractile function during cardiac surgery","volume":"39","author":"Lewis","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2012.05.011","article-title":"Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction during acute myocardial infarction: effect of mild hypothermia","volume":"83","author":"Schwarzl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Resuscitation."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H220","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1997.273.1.H220","article-title":"Myocardial temperature in acute myocardial infarction: protection with mild regional hypothermia","volume":"273","author":"Hale","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(63)90283-2","article-title":"Hemodynamic and Metabolic Effects of Skin and Blood-Stream Cooling in Experimental Myocardial Infarction with Shock","volume":"12","author":"Kuhn","year":"1963","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1177\/107424840400900203","article-title":"Metabolic mechanism by which mild regional hypothermia preserves ischemic tissue","volume":"9","author":"Simkhovich","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1006\/cryo.1998.2091","article-title":"Temperature threshold and preservation of signaling for mitochondrial membrane proteins during ischemia in rabbit heart","volume":"36","author":"Ning","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cryobiology."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2011.08.013","article-title":"Cardioprotective effect of therapeutic hypothermia at 34 degrees C against ischaemia\/reperfusion injury mediated by PI3K and nitric oxide in a rat isolated heart model","volume":"83","author":"Mochizuki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Resuscitation."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H2164","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00994.2009","article-title":"Therapeutic hypothermia cardioprotection via Akt- and nitric oxide-mediated attenuation of mitochondrial oxidants","volume":"298","author":"Shao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2261-7-5","article-title":"Mild hypothermia reduces cardiac post-ischemic reactive hyperemia","volume":"7","author":"Olivecrona","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-010-0113-2","article-title":"Effects of mild hypothermia on hemodynamics in cardiac arrest survivors and isolated failing human myocardium","volume":"99","author":"Jacobshagen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H2119","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00123.2007","article-title":"Moderate hypothermia (30 degrees C) maintains myocardial integrity and modifies response of cell survival proteins after reperfusion","volume":"293","author":"Ning","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a069865","article-title":"Metabolism in hypothermia","volume":"17","author":"Fairley","year":"1961","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2225-319X.2013.01.05","article-title":"Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest","volume":"2","author":"Ziganshin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Cardiothorac Surg."},{"key":"B53","first-page":"61","article-title":"Barratt-Boyes BG, editors. Hypothermia, circulatory arrest and cardiopulmonary bypass. In: Cardiac Surgery","author":"Kirklin","year":"1993"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.2000.7226","article-title":"Acidosis induces necrosis and apoptosis of cultured hippocampal neurons","volume":"162","author":"Ding","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp Neurol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2828(82)90140-7","article-title":"Effect of hypothermia on changes in high-energy phosphate production and utilization in total ischemia","volume":"3","author":"Jones","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI62874","article-title":"Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: a neglected therapeutic target","volume":"123","author":"Hausenloy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)36910-7","article-title":"Effects of temperature on myocardial calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial function during ischemia and reperfusion","volume":"99","author":"Ferrari","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg."},{"key":"B58","first-page":"301","article-title":"A study of the myocardial protective effect of rapid cooling based on intracellular Ca, intracellular pH, and HSP70","volume":"9","author":"Inoue","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200201000-00003","article-title":"Mild hypothermia reduces apoptosis of mouse neurons in vitro early in the cascade","volume":"22","author":"Xu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200111000-00010","article-title":"Combination effect of systemic hypothermia and caspase inhibitor administration against hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in neonatal rats","volume":"50","author":"Adachi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr Res."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2017.04.001","article-title":"Moderate therapeutic hypothermia induces multimodal protective effects in oxygen-glucose deprivation\/reperfusion injured cardiomyocytes","volume":"35","author":"Krech","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mitochondrion."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1995","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01312.2005","article-title":"Hypothermia-induced cardioprotection using extended ischemia and early reperfusion cooling","volume":"292","author":"Shao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01035.2001","article-title":"Hypothermic protection of the ischemic heart via alterations in apoptotic pathways as assessed by gene array analysis","volume":"92","author":"Ning","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.06.080","article-title":"Catheter-based transcoronary myocardial hypothermia attenuates arrhythmia and myocardial necrosis in pigs with acute myocardial infarction","volume":"49","author":"Otake","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-11-124","article-title":"Mild therapeutic hypothermia is superior to controlled normothermia for the maintenance of blood pressure and cerebral oxygenation, prevention of organ damage and suppression of oxidative stress after cardiac arrest in a porcine model","volume":"11","author":"Ostadal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Transl Med."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2017.08.056","article-title":"Dose-dependent cardioprotection of moderate (32 degrees C) versus mild (35 degrees C) therapeutic hypothermia in porcine acute myocardial infarction","volume":"11","author":"Dash","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Interv."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200207000-00017","article-title":"Moderate hypothermia delays proinflammatory cytokine production of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"30","author":"Kimura","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-011-0165-0","article-title":"Cardioprotection by mild hypothermia during ischemia involves preservation of ERK activity","volume":"106","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00788947","article-title":"Regional hypothermia reduces myocardial necrosis even when instituted after the onset of ischemia","volume":"92","author":"Hale","year":"1997","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1007\/s003950050105","article-title":"Mild hypothermia reduces infarct size in the beating rabbit heart: a practical intervention for acute myocardial infarction?","volume":"93","author":"Miki","year":"1998","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e004234","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.112.004234","article-title":"Delayed treatment with hypothermia protects against the no-reflow phenomenon despite failure to reduce infarct size","volume":"2","author":"Hale","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(03)00456-5","article-title":"Hypothermia during reperfusion limits 'no-reflow' injury in a rabbit model of acute myocardial infarction","volume":"59","author":"Hale","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2261-8-7","article-title":"Rapid short-duration hypothermia with cold saline and endovascular cooling before reperfusion reduces microvascular obstruction and myocardial infarct size","volume":"8","author":"Gotberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.12.027","article-title":"Rapid endovascular catheter core cooling combined with cold saline as an adjunct to percutaneous coronary intervention for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction the CHILL-MI trial: a randomized controlled study of the use of central venous catheter core cooling combined with cold saline as an adjunct to percutaneous coronary intervention for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction","volume":"63","author":"Erlinge","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2018-313705","article-title":"Out-of-hospital initiation of hypothermia in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a randomised trial","volume":"105","author":"Testori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/73.3.418","article-title":"Influence of surface cooling and rewarming on whole-body oxygen supply-demand balance","volume":"73","author":"Baraka","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1177\/000331979604700608","article-title":"Successful application of hypothermia combined with intra-aortic balloon pump support to low-cardiac-output state after open heart surgery","volume":"47","author":"Moriyama","year":"1996","journal-title":"Angiology."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-8180(97)00255-9","article-title":"Value of mild hypothermia in patients who have severe circulatory insufficiency even after intra-aortic balloon pump","volume":"10","author":"Yahagi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000691","article-title":"Hemodynamics and vasopressor support during targeted temperature management at 33 degrees C Versus 36 degrees C after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a post hoc study of the target temperature management trial*","volume":"43","author":"Bro-Jeppesen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S94","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(17)34572-2","article-title":"Mild hypothermia in cardiogenic shock complicating myocardial infarction - the randomized SHOCK-COOL pilot trial","volume":"129","author":"Furnau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-005-0550-7","article-title":"Hypothermia during reperfusion does not reduce myocardial infarct size in pigs","volume":"101","author":"Maeng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H2029","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1999.276.6.H2029","article-title":"Ischemic preconditioning and myocardial hypothermia in rabbits with prolonged coronary artery occlusion","volume":"276","author":"Hale","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(98)00129-6","article-title":"Hypothermic, closed circuit pericardioperfusion: a potential cardioprotective technique in acute regional ischemia","volume":"31","author":"Dave","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2008.08.012","article-title":"Mild hypothermia to limit myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: importance of timing","volume":"87","author":"Kanemoto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.09.041","article-title":"Total liquid ventilation provides ultra-fast cardioprotective cooling","volume":"49","author":"Tissier","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvp046","article-title":"Rapid cooling preserves the ischaemic myocardium against mitochondrial damage and left ventricular dysfunction","volume":"83","author":"Tissier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1189","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1996.270.4.H1189","article-title":"Effect of temperature on myocardial infarction in swine","volume":"270","author":"Duncker","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Physiol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.848424","article-title":"Intra-cardiopulmonary resuscitation hypothermia with and without volume loading in an ischemic model of cardiac arrest","volume":"120","author":"Yannopoulos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-011-0195-7","article-title":"Optimal timing of hypothermia in relation to myocardial reperfusion","volume":"106","author":"Gotberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/joic.12485","article-title":"Effects of endovascular cooling on infarct size in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: A patient-level pooled analysis from randomized trials","volume":"31","author":"Dae","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Interv Cardiol."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(78)90010-8","article-title":"Protection of ischemic myocardium by whole-body hypothermia after coronary artery occlusion in dogs","volume":"96","author":"Abendschein","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am Heart J."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(01)02822-3","article-title":"Regional topical hypothermia of the beating heart: preservation of function and tissue","volume":"72","author":"Schwartz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(83)80109-0","article-title":"Prevention of ischemic injury and early reperfusion derangements by hypothermic retroperfusion","volume":"1","author":"Haendchen","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(10)80251-7","article-title":"Percutaneous cooling of ischemic myocardium by hypothermic retroperfusion of autologous arterial blood: effects on regional myocardial temperature distribution and infarct size","volume":"18","author":"Wakida","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.65.7.1435","article-title":"Hypothermic coronary venous phased retroperfusion: a closed-chest treatment of acute regional myocardial ischemia","volume":"65","author":"Meerbaum","year":"1982","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2008.08.015","article-title":"Very mild hypothermia during ischemia and reperfusion improves postinfarction ventricular remodeling","volume":"87","author":"Hamamoto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1584","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00980.2001","article-title":"Effect of endovascular cooling on myocardial temperature, infarct size, and cardiac output in human-sized pigs","volume":"282","author":"Dae","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)02567-6","article-title":"Induction of mild systemic hypothermia with endovascular cooling during primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction","volume":"40","author":"Dixon","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1475","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-17-00240","article-title":"Safety and feasibility of selective intracoronary hypothermia in acute myocardial infarction","volume":"13","author":"Otterspoor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eurointervention."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.110.957902","article-title":"A pilot study of rapid cooling by cold saline and endovascular cooling before reperfusion in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction","volume":"3","author":"Gotberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ-Cardiovasc Inte."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2005.02.049","article-title":"A pilot study: the noninvasive surface cooling thermoregulatory system for mild hypothermia induction in acute myocardial infarction (The NICAMI study)","volume":"150","author":"Ly","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am Heart J."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2003.11.038","article-title":"Feasibility of endovascular cooling as an adjunct to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (results of the LOWTEMP pilot study)","volume":"93","author":"Kandzari","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001965","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.114.001965","article-title":"Multicenter, randomized, controlled pilot trial of peritoneal hypothermia in patients with st-segment-elevation myocardial infarction","volume":"8","author":"Nichol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Inter"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2013-304624","article-title":"Strategic target temperature management in myocardial infarction-a feasibility trial","volume":"99","author":"Testori","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heart."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2008.08.019","article-title":"Effect of cooling after human cardiac arrest on myocardial infarct size","volume":"80","author":"Koreny","year":"2009","journal-title":"Resuscitation."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.12.024","article-title":"The year in interventional cardiology","volume":"43","author":"O'Neill","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31817437ca","article-title":"Mild therapeutic hypothermia in patients after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing immediate percutaneous coronary intervention","volume":"36","author":"Wolfrum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2007.12.008","article-title":"Mild therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest and the risk of bleeding in patients with acute myocardial infarction","volume":"132","author":"Schefold","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2007.01.016","article-title":"Primary percutaneous coronary intervention and mild induced hypothermia in comatose survivors of ventricular fibrillation with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction","volume":"74","author":"Knafelj","year":"2007","journal-title":"Resuscitation."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199505000-00011","article-title":"Increasing mean skin temperature linearly reduces the core-temperature thresholds for vasoconstriction and shivering in humans","volume":"82","author":"Cheng","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199404000-00009","article-title":"Rate and gender dependence of the sweating, vasoconstriction, and shivering thresholds in humans","volume":"80","author":"Lopez","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"key":"B112","first-page":"558","article-title":"Intracoronary hypothermia for acute myocardial infarction in the isolated beating pig heart","volume":"9","author":"Otterspoor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res."},{"key":"B113","unstructured":""},{"key":"B114","unstructured":""},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R91","DOI":"10.1186\/cc6104","article-title":"Comparison of cooling methods to induce and maintain normo- and hypothermia in intensive care unit patients: a prospective intervention study","volume":"11","author":"Hoedemaekers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit Care."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.038269","article-title":"Unloading the left ventricle before reperfusion in patients with anterior st-segment-elevation myocardial infarction","volume":"139","author":"Kapur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79449-x","article-title":"Cardioprotective effect of combination therapy by mild hypothermia and local or remote ischemic preconditioning in isolated rat hearts","volume":"11","author":"Hjortbak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2021.642843\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]],"date-time":"2021-02-16T14:55:17Z","timestamp":1613487317000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2021.642843\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]]},"references-count":117,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcvm.2021.642843"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2021.642843","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-055X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-055X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]]},"article-number":"642843"}}