{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T01:27:37Z","timestamp":1788830857885,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]],"date-time":"2021-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The manifestations of hyperthyroidism-related myocardial damage are multitudinous, including arrhythmia, dilated cardiomyopathy, valvular diseases, and even cardiogenic shock. Acute myocarditis induced by thyrotoxicosis had been reported in a few studies. However, attention on its prevalence and underlying mechanisms is sorely lacking. Its long-term harm is often ignored, and it may eventually develop into dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure. We report a case of Graves' disease with a progressive elevation of hypersensitive cardiac troponin-I at several days after discontinuation of the patient's anti-thyroid drugs. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) showed inflammatory edema of some cardiomyocytes (stranded enhanced signals under T2 mapping), myocardial necrosis (scattered enhanced signals under T1 late gadolinium enhancement) in the medial and inferior epicardial wall, with a decreased left ventricular systolic function (48%), which implied a possibility of acute myocarditis induced by thyrotoxicosis. The patient was then given a transient glucocorticoid (GC) treatment and achieved a good curative effect. Inspired by this case, we aim to systematically elaborate the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of hyperthyroidism-induced autoimmune myocarditis. Additionally, we emphasize the importance of CMRI and GC therapy in the diagnosis and treatment of hyperthyroidism-related myocarditis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.678645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]],"date-time":"2021-07-07T04:38:17Z","timestamp":1625632697000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Focus on Autoimmune Myocarditis in Graves' Disease: A Case-Based Review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Lujin","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianru","family":"Leng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nana","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dao Wen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.5603\/EP.a2020.0052","article-title":"Thyroid gland dysfunction and its effect on the cardiovascular system: a comprehensive review of the literature","volume":"71","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endokrynol Polska."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.02.045","article-title":"Thyroid hormones and cardiovascular function and diseases","volume":"71","author":"Razvi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200102153440707","article-title":"Thyroid hormone and the cardiovascular system","volume":"344","author":"Klein","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-11-0299","article-title":"A critical review and meta-analysis of the association between overt hyperthyroidism and mortality","volume":"165","author":"Brandt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Euro J Endocrinol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2648a","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht210","article-title":"Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European society of cardiology working group on myocardial and pericardial diseases","volume":"34","author":"Caforio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Euro Heart J."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-020-04909-z","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2: a potential novel etiology of fulminant myocarditis","volume":"45","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Herz."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-9842(02)00010-7","article-title":"Circulating cardiac autoantibodies in dilated cardiomyopathy and myocarditis: pathogenetic and clinical significance","volume":"4","author":"Caforio","year":"2002","journal-title":"Euro J Heart Failure."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2019.107155","article-title":"Myocarditis: somethings old and something new","volume":"44","author":"Razzano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Pathol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-020-01278-1","article-title":"Autoimmunity in acute myocarditis: how immunopathogenesis steers new directions for diagnosis and treatment","volume":"22","author":"Bruestle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.04.089","article-title":"Hyperthyroidism induced autoimmune myocarditis. 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