{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T16:11:09Z","timestamp":1783008669532,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> To date, there is no reference for a 6-min walk test distance (6-MWD) immediately after cardiac surgery. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the determinants and to generate equations for prediction reference for 6-MWD in patients immediately after cardiac surgery.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> This is a cross-sectional study of the 6-min walk test (6-MWT) prior to participation in the cardiac rehabilitation (CR) program of patients after coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) or valve surgery. The 6-MWT were carried out in a gymnasium prior to the CR program immediately after the cardiac surgery. Available demographic and clinical data of patients were analyzed to identify the clinical determinants of 6-MWD.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> This study obtained and analyzed the data of 1,509 patients after CABG and 632 patients after valve surgery. The 6-MWD of all patients was 321.5 \u00b1 73.2 m (60\u2013577). The distance was longer in the valve surgery group than that of patients in the CABG group (327.75 \u00b1 70.5 vs. 313.59 \u00b1 75.8 m, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001). The determinants which significantly influence the 6-MWD in the CABG group were age, gender, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, and body height, whereas in the valve surgery group these were age, gender, and atrial fibrillation. The multivariable regression models generated two formulas using the identified clinical determinants for patients after CABG: 6-MWD (meter) = 212.57 + 30.47 (if male gender) \u2212 1.62 (age in year) + 1.09 (body height in cm) \u2212 12.68 (if with diabetes) \u2212 28.36 (if with atrial fibrillation), and for patients after valve surgery with the formula: 6-MWD (meter) = 371.05 + 37.98 (if male gender) \u2212 1.36 (age in years) \u2212 10.61 (if atrial with fibrillation).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> This study identified several determinants for the 6-MWD and successively generated two reference equations for predicting 6-MWD in patients after CABG and valve surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.685673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T07:41:25Z","timestamp":1629358885000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Determinants and Prediction Equations of Six-Minute Walk Test Distance Immediately After Cardiac Surgery"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Basuni","family":"Radi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ade Meidian","family":"Ambari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bambang","family":"Dwiputra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan Enast","family":"Intan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Triangto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anwar","family":"Santoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Budhi","family":"Setianto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.166.1.at1102","article-title":"ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test","volume":"166","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B2","first-page":"126","article-title":"Six-minute walk test: an effective and necessary tool in modern cardiac rehabilitation","volume":"54","author":"Papathanasiou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hellenic J Cardiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2008.01880.x","article-title":"The six-minute walk test: a useful metric for the cardiopulmonary patient","volume":"39","author":"Rasekaba","year":"2009","journal-title":"Intern Med J."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1191\/026921501671364449","article-title":"Assessment of a low-intensity cardiac rehabilitation programme using the six-minute walk test","volume":"15","author":"Wright","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0184669","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184669","article-title":"Reference equations for the six-minute walk distance in the healthy Chinese population aged 18-59 years","volume":"12","author":"Zou","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2011.11.003","article-title":"The 6-minute walk test in outpatient cardiac rehabilitation: validity, reliability and responsiveness\u2014a systematic review","volume":"98","author":"Bellet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiotherapy."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/01823246-201021010-00003","article-title":"Examination of the six-minute walk test to determine functional capacity in people with chronic heart failure: a systematic review","author":"Pollentier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cardiopulm Phys Ther J."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1097\/HJR.0b013e328321312e","article-title":"Six-minute walking test after cardiac surgery: instructions for an appropriate use","volume":"16","author":"De Feo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2466-10-31","article-title":"The six-minute walk test accurately estimates mean peak oxygen uptake","volume":"10","author":"Ross","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2004.12.010","article-title":"Monitoring clinical changes in patients with heart failure: a comparison of methods","volume":"150","author":"Spertus","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am Heart J."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2007.08.013","article-title":"The 6-min walking test early after cardiac surgery. Reference values and the effects of rehabilitation programme","volume":"32","author":"Fiorina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00194909","article-title":"The 6-min walk distance in healthy subjects: reference standards from seven countries","volume":"37","author":"Casanova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.22656","article-title":"Very short\/ short-term benefit of inpatient\/outpatient cardiac rehabilitation programs after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery","volume":"40","author":"Spiroski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.126.6.1796","article-title":"Distance walked in the 6-minute test soon after cardiac surgery: toward an efficient use in the individual patient","volume":"126","author":"Opasich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8090-9-95","article-title":"Determinants of distance walked during the six-minute walk test in patients undergoing cardiac surgery at hospital discharge","volume":"9","author":"Oliveira","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Surg."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2021.685673\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T07:41:28Z","timestamp":1629358888000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2021.685673\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]]},"references-count":15,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcvm.2021.685673"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2021.685673","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-055X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-055X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]]},"article-number":"685673"}}