{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T13:37:09Z","timestamp":1770817029502,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32003B_182615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32003B_182615"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> mapping is a magnetic resonance imaging technique that can be used to detect myocardial edema and inflammation. However, the focal nature of myocardial inflammation may render conventional 2D approaches suboptimal and make whole-heart isotropic 3D mapping desirable. While self-navigated 3D radial T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> mapping has been demonstrated to work well at a magnetic field strength of 3T, it results in too noisy maps at 1.5T. We therefore implemented a novel respiratory motion-resolved compressed-sensing reconstruction in order to improve the 3D T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> mapping precision and accuracy at 1.5T, and tested this in a heterogeneous patient cohort.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:bold> Nine healthy volunteers and 25 consecutive patients with suspected acute non-ischemic myocardial injury (sarcoidosis, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 19; systemic sclerosis, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 2; acute graft rejection, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 2, and myocarditis, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 2) were included. The free-breathing T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> maps were acquired as three ECG-triggered T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-prepared 3D radial volumes. A respiratory motion-resolved reconstruction was followed by image registration of the respiratory states and pixel-wise T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> mapping. The resulting 3D maps were compared to routine 2D T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> maps. The T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> values of segments with and without late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) were compared in patients.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> In the healthy volunteers, the myocardial T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> values obtained with the 2D and 3D techniques were similar (45.8 \u00b1 1.8 vs. 46.8 \u00b1 2.9 ms, respectively; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.33). Conversely, in patients, T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> values did differ between 2D (46.7 \u00b1 3.6 ms) and 3D techniques (50.1 \u00b1 4.2 ms, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.004). Moreover, with the 2D technique, T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> values of the LGE-positive segments were similar to those of the LGE-negative segments (T<jats:sub>2LGE\u2212<\/jats:sub>= 46.2 \u00b1 3.7 vs. T<jats:sub>2LGE+<\/jats:sub> = 47.6 \u00b1 4.1 ms; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.49), whereas the 3D technique did show a significant difference (T<jats:sub>2LGE\u2212<\/jats:sub> = 49.3 \u00b1 6.7 vs. T<jats:sub>2LGE+<\/jats:sub> = 52.6 \u00b1 8.7 ms, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.006).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Respiratory motion-registered 3D radial imaging at 1.5T led to accurate isotropic 3D whole-heart T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> maps, both in the healthy volunteers and in a small patient cohort with suspected non-ischemic myocardial injury. Significantly higher T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> values were found in patients as compared to controls in 3D but not in 2D, suggestive of the technique's potential to increase the sensitivity of CMR at earlier stages of disease. Further study will be needed to demonstrate its accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.712383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T06:23:38Z","timestamp":1632896618000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Respiratory Motion-Registered Isotropic Whole-Heart T2 Mapping in Patients With Acute Non-ischemic Myocardial Injury"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Karolina","family":"Dorniak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Di Sopra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Sabisz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Glinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher W.","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamil","family":"Gorczewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Piccini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Yerly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Jankowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jadwiga","family":"Fija\u0142kowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edyta","family":"Szurowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Stuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruud B.","family":"van Heeswijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2010.28","article-title":"Myocardial edema\u2013a new clinical entity?","volume":"7","author":"Friedrich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-017-0389-8","article-title":"Clinical recommendations for cardiovascular magnetic resonance mapping of T1, T2, T2* and extracellular volume: a consensus statement by the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) endorsed by the European Association for Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI)","volume":"19","author":"Messroghli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Magn Reson."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.02.013","article-title":"Comprehensive cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients with suspected myocarditis","volume":"67","author":"Lurz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics9040220","article-title":"Cardiovascular magnetic resonance identifies high-risk systemic sclerosis patients with normal echocardiograms and provides incremental prognostic value","volume":"9","author":"Markousis-Mavrogenis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diagnostics."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017162732","article-title":"T1 and T2 mapping in recognition of early cardiac involvement in systemic sarcoidosis","volume":"285","author":"Puntmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiology."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/1532-429X-11-56","article-title":"T2 quantification for improved detection of myocardial edema","volume":"11","author":"Giri","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Magn Reson."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-015-0127-z","article-title":"Gradient Spin Echo (GraSE) imaging for fast myocardial T2 mapping","volume":"17","author":"Sprinkart","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Magn Reson."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.25258","article-title":"Self-navigated isotropic three-dimensional cardiac T2 mapping","volume":"73","author":"van Heeswijk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.25458","article-title":"Three-dimensional whole-heart T2 mapping at 3T","volume":"74","author":"Ding","year":"2015","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.25576","article-title":"Free-breathing, motion-corrected, highly efficient whole heart T mapping at 3T with hybrid radial-cartesian trajectory","volume":"75","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27989","article-title":"Accelerated free-breathing whole-heart 3D T 2 mapping with high isotropic resolution","volume":"83","author":"Bustin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e149","DOI":"10.1097\/TXD.0000000000000635","article-title":"Three-dimensional self-navigated T2 mapping for the detection of acute cellular rejection after orthotopic heart transplantation","volume":"3","author":"van Heeswijk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transplant Direct."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2021201630","article-title":"High-spatial-resolution 3D whole-heart MRI T2 mapping for assessment of myocarditis","volume":"298","author":"Bustin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiology."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22898","article-title":"Spiral phyllotaxis: the natural way to construct a 3D radial trajectory in MRI","volume":"66","author":"Piccini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.23247","article-title":"Respiratory self-navigation for whole-heart bright-blood coronary MRI: methods for robust isolation and automatic segmentation of the blood pool","volume":"68","author":"Piccini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2118","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27898","article-title":"An automated approach to fully self-gated free-running cardiac and respiratory motion-resolved 5D whole-heart MRI","volume":"82","author":"Di Sopra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21391","article-title":"Sparse MRI: the application of compressed sensing for rapid MR imaging","volume":"58","author":"Lustig","year":"2007","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/1532-429X-15-91","article-title":"Standardized cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) protocols 2013 update","volume":"15","author":"Kramer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Magn Reson"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21208","article-title":"T2 measurement of the human myocardium using a T2-prepared transient-state TrueFISP sequence","volume":"57","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBI.2002.1029367","article-title":"Flows of diffeomorphisms for multimodal image registration","author":"Chefd'hotel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proceedings IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26221","article-title":"Four-dimensional respiratory motion-resolved whole heart coronary MR angiography","volume":"77","author":"Piccini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26745","article-title":"5D whole-heart sparse MRI","volume":"79","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2009.2035616","article-title":"elastix: a toolbox for intensity-based medical image registration","volume":"29","author":"Klein","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2012.06.010","article-title":"Free-breathing 3 T magnetic resonance T2-mapping of the heart","volume":"5","author":"van Heeswijk","year":"2012","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26107","article-title":"On the accuracy and precision of cardiac magnetic resonance T2 mapping: A high-resolution radial study using adiabatic T2 preparation at 3 T","volume":"77","author":"Bano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25755","article-title":"Isotropic three-dimensional T2 mapping of knee cartilage: Development and validation","volume":"47","author":"Colotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1002\/cmr.a.21339","article-title":"Edge sharpness assessment by parametric modeling: Application to magnetic resonance imaging: EDGE SHARPNESS ASSESSMENT FOR MRI","volume":"44","author":"Ahmad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Concepts Magn Reson."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.13132045","article-title":"Respiratory self-navigated postcontrast whole-heart coronary MR angiography: initial experience in patients","volume":"270","author":"Piccini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiology."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1161\/hc0402.102975","article-title":"Standardized myocardial segmentation and nomenclature for tomographic imaging of the heart","volume":"105","author":"Cerqueira","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-018-4187-8","article-title":"Can visual analogue scale be used in radiologic subjective image quality assessment?","volume":"48","author":"Suther","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/1532-429X-15-27","article-title":"Variability and homogeneity of cardiovascular magnetic resonance myocardial T2-mapping in volunteers compared to patients with edema","volume":"15","author":"Wassmuth","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Magn Reson."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2015.08.002","article-title":"A systematic evaluation of three different cardiac T2-mapping sequences at 1.5 and 3T in healthy volunteers","volume":"84","author":"Bae\u00dfler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-019-0570-3","article-title":"Model-based myocardial T1 mapping with sparsity constraints using single-shot inversion-recovery radial FLASH cardiovascular magnetic resonance","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Magn Reson."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-018-1411-3","article-title":"Comparison of native myocardial T1 and T2 mapping at 1.5T and 3T in healthy volunteers: reference values and clinical implications","volume":"131","author":"Granitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-020-00646-8","article-title":"Cardiovascular magnetic resonance native T2 and T2* quantitative values for cardiomyopathies and heart transplantations: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Snel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Magn Reson."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.346140030","article-title":"Mapping the future of cardiac MR imaging: case-based review of T1 and T2 mapping techniques","volume":"34","author":"Hamlin","year":"2014","journal-title":"RadioGraphics."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0244282","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244282","article-title":"Early myocardial damage and microvascular dysfunction in asymptomatic patients with systemic sclerosis: A cardiovascular magnetic resonance study with cold pressor test","volume":"15","author":"Galea","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-017-0978-9","article-title":"Joint SNMMI\u2013ASNC expert consensus document on the role of 18F-FDG PET\/CT in cardiac sarcoid detection and therapy monitoring","volume":"24","author":"Chareonthaitawee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nucl Cardiol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27374","article-title":"Accelerated and high-resolution cardiac T2 mapping through peripheral k-space sharing","volume":"81","author":"Dar\u00e7ot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26216","article-title":"MR fingerprinting for quantification of myocardial T1, T2, and M0","volume":"77","author":"Hamilton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28039","article-title":"3D Whole-heart free-breathing qBOOST-T2 mapping","volume":"83","author":"Milotta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3705","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27694","article-title":"High-dimensionality undersampled patch-based reconstruction (HD-PROST) for accelerated multi-contrast MRI","volume":"81","author":"Bustin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2021.712383\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T06:23:44Z","timestamp":1632896624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2021.712383\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcvm.2021.712383"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2021.712383","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-055X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-055X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]]},"article-number":"712383"}}