{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T19:24:11Z","timestamp":1792265051989,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/EMD-TLM\/4644\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EMD-TLM\/4644\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an aggressive neurodegenerative disorder related to neuroinflammation that is associated with increased risk of thrombosis. We aimed to evaluate \u03b3' fibrinogen plasma level (an <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> variant of fibrinogen) as a biomarker in ALS, and to test its role as a predictor of disease progression and survival. Sixty-seven consecutive patients with ALS were followed and the results were compared with those from 82 healthy blood donors. Patients were clinically evaluated at the time of blood sampling and on follow-up (every 3 months for the beginning of the follow-up until death) by applying the revised ALS Functional Rating Scale. Human plasma \u03b3' fibrinogen concentration was quantified using a specific two-site sandwich kit enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We found, for the first time, a positive association between \u03b3' fibrinogen concentration and survival in ALS patients: patients with higher \u03b3' fibrinogen plasma levels survived longer, and this finding was not influenced by confounders such as age, gender, respiratory impairment, or functionality (ALSFRS-R score). Since increased levels have a positive impact on outcome, this novel biomarker should be further investigated in ALS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.715842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T10:44:34Z","timestamp":1631184274000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["\u03b3' Fibrinogen as a Predictor of Survival in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ana Catarina","family":"Pronto-Laborinho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catarina S.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasco A.","family":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Gromicho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuno C.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamede","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filomena A.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14393","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a clinical review","volume":"27","author":"Masrori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1610","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007242","article-title":"Revised Airlie House consensus guidelines for design and implementation of ALS clinical trials","volume":"92","author":"van den Berg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00143","article-title":"Diaphragmatic neurophysiology and respiratory markers in ALS","volume":"10","author":"de Carvalho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947513","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/947513","article-title":"Roles of vascular endothelial growth factor in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"2014","author":"Pronto-Laborinho","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1080\/14660820510043226","article-title":"Venous thrombosis in an ALS population over 4 years","volume":"6","author":"Elman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10191","article-title":"Inflammatory processes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"26","author":"McGeer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.01.026","article-title":"Interleukin-6 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"398","author":"Pronto-Laborinho","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-011-0290-8","article-title":"Fibrinogen as a key regulator of inflammation in disease","volume":"34","author":"Davalos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR04398A","article-title":"Fibrinogen-erythrocyte binding and hemorheology measurements in the assessment of essential arterial hypertension patients","volume":"11","author":"Guedes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1160\/TH10-09-0626","article-title":"Association between \u03b3' fibrinogen levels and inflammation","volume":"105","author":"Alexander","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1080\/146608200300079536","article-title":"El Escorial revisited: revised criteria for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"1","author":"Brooks","year":"2000","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.09.143","article-title":"Electrodiagnostic criteria for diagnosis of ALS","volume":"119","author":"de Carvalho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00210-5","article-title":"The ALSFRS-R: a revised ALS functional rating scale that incorporates assessments of respiratory function. BDNF ALS Study Group (Phase III)","volume":"169","author":"Cedarbaum","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30089-9","article-title":"Prognosis for patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: development and validation of a personalised prediction model","volume":"17","author":"Westeneng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2007.02406.x","article-title":"Elevated plasma fibrinogen gamma' concentration is associated with myocardial infarction: effects of variation in fibrinogen genes and environmental factors","volume":"5","author":"Mannila","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Thrombosis Haemostasis"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2009.138347","article-title":"Gamma' fibrinogen: evaluation of a new assay for study of associations with cardiovascular disease","volume":"56","author":"Lovely","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2019.236901","article-title":"Fibrin(ogen) in human disease: both friend and foe","volume":"105","author":"Vilar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)53932-6","article-title":"The structural motif glycine 190-valine 202 of the fibrinogen gamma chain interacts with CD11b\/CD18 integrin (alpha M beta 2, Mac-1) and promotes leukocyte adhesion","volume":"268","author":"Altieri","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2008.01112.x","article-title":"Low-grade systemic inflammation in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"119","author":"Keizman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr074","article-title":"Endogenous regulatory T lymphocytes ameliorate amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in mice and correlate with disease progression in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"134","author":"Beers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.800151","type":"corrigendum","label":"Corrigendum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636934400000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2021.715842\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]],"date-time":"2021-11-13T05:31:11Z","timestamp":1636781471000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2021.715842\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]},"references-count":20,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcvm.2021.715842"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2021.715842","relation":{"corrigendum":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.800151","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2297-055X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-055X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]},"article-number":"715842"}}