{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T19:15:32Z","timestamp":1792005332161,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exercise-based, multimodal rehabilitation programming similar to that used in the existing models of cardiac or pulmonary rehabilitation or prehabilitation is a holistic potential solution to address the range of physical, psychological, and existential (e.g., as their diagnosis relates to potential death) stressors associated with a cancer diagnosis and subsequent treatment. The purpose of this study was to systematically evaluate the structure and format of any type of exercise-based, multimodal rehabilitation programs used in individuals with cancer and the evidence base for their real-world effectiveness on metrics of physical (e.g., cardiorespiratory fitness, blood pressure) and psychological (e.g., health-related quality of life) health. Very few of the 33 included exercise-based, multimodal rehabilitation programs employed intervention components, education topics, and program support staff that were multi-disciplinary or cancer-specific. In particular, a greater emphasis on nutrition care, and the evaluation and management of psychosocial distress and CVD risk factors, with cancer-specific adaptations, would broaden and maximize the holistic health benefits of exercise-based rehabilitation. Despite these opportunities for improvement, exercise-based, multimodal rehabilitation programs utilized under real-world settings in individuals with cancer produced clinically meaningful and large effect sizes for cardiorespiratory fitness (VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>peak, \u00b12.9 mL\/kg\/min, 95% CI = 2.6 to 3.3) and 6-minute walk distance (+47 meters, 95% CI = 23 to 71), and medium effect sizes for various measures of cancer-specific, health-related quality of life. However, there were no changes to blood pressure, body mass index, or lung function. Overall, these findings suggest that exercise-based, multimodal rehabilitation is a real-world therapy that improves physical and psychological health among individuals with cancer, but the holistic health benefits of this intervention would likely be enhanced by addressing nutrition, psychosocial concerns, and risk factor management through education and counselling with consideration of the needs of an individual with cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.739473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T04:51:33Z","timestamp":1632286293000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Evaluation of the Structure and Health Impacts of Exercise-Based Cardiac and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and Prehabilitation for Individuals With Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Julia N.","family":"Rickard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun","family":"Eswaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie D.","family":"Small","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alis","family":"Bonsignore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Pakosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy A.","family":"Kirkham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002116","article-title":"Exercise guidelines for cancer survivors: consensus statement from international multidisciplinary roundtable","volume":"51","author":"Campbell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soncn.2008.05.007","article-title":"Psychological health in cancer survivors","volume":"24","author":"Andrykowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Oncol Nurs."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2019-0257","article-title":"Prehabilitation","volume":"19","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202102-146ST","article-title":"Defining modern pulmonary rehabilitation: an official American thoracic society workshop report","volume":"18","author":"Holland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HCR.0000270696.01635.aa","article-title":"Core components of cardiac rehabilitation\/secondary prevention programs: 2007 update - a scientific statement from the American heart association exercise, cardiac rehabilitation, and prevention committee, the council on clinical cardiology; the councils on cardiovascular nursing, epidemiology and prevention, and nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism; and the American association of cardiovascular and pulmonary rehabilitation","volume":"27","author":"Balady","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz766","article-title":"A population-based study of cardiovascular disease mortality risk in US cancer patients","volume":"40","author":"Sturgeon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Heart J."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2019.02.002","article-title":"Curing breast cancer and killing the heart: a novel model to explain elevated cardiovascular disease and mortality risk among women with early stage breast cancer","volume":"62","author":"Kirkham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis."},{"key":"B8","first-page":"10","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation putting more patients on the road to recovery","volume":"135","author":"American","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation as secondary prevention. 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