{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T00:27:37Z","timestamp":1793838457723,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objectives:<\/jats:bold> To investigate the subclinical imaging changes in terms of myocardial inflammation and fibrosis and to explore the risk factors associated with myocardial fibrosis by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) approach in a Chinese HIV\/AIDS cohort.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> We evaluated myocardial function (cine), myocardial inflammation (T1, T2), and myocardial fibrosis (through extracellular volume fraction [ECV] and late gadolinium enhancement [LGE]) by a multiparametric CMR scan protocol in a total of 68 participants, including 47 HIV-infected individuals, who were divided into two groups: asymptomatic HIV (HIV+) (n = 30), and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 17), and 21 healthy controls.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> HIV-infected patients had lower left (55.3 \u00b1 6.5 vs. 63.0 \u00b1 7.9%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) and right ventricular systolic function (35.9 \u00b1 15.7 vs. 50.8 \u00b1 9.3%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001). Radial systolic strain (30.7 \u00b1 9.3 vs. 39.3 \u00b1 9.4%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.001), circumferential systolic strain (\u221217.5 \u00b1 2.6 vs. \u221219.4 \u00b1 2.7%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.008), and longitudinal systolic strain (\u22129.4 \u00b1 5.7 vs. \u221212.8 \u00b1 3.1%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.012) were also decreased in HIV. Native T1 relaxation time (1,337.2 \u00b1 70.2 vs. 1,249.5 \u00b1 47.0 ms, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001), ECV value (33.5 \u00b1 6.2 vs. 28.5 \u00b1 2.9 ms, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.026), and T2 relaxation time (45.2 \u00b1 3.5 vs. 42.0 \u00b1 2.6 ms, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.001) were higher in HIV-infected patients compared with controls. Myocardial fibrosis, predominantly in the mid-inferior wall, was detected in 24.4% of the HIV-infected patients. HIV+ had a significantly lower value of ECV [29.1 (26.1, 31.8) vs. 35.2 (31.8, 41.9) %, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001] and frequency of LGE [3\/25 (8%) vs. 7\/16 (43.8%), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.014)] compared with AIDS. AIDS was associated with myocardial fibrosis.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> HIV-infected patients were associated with changes in myocardial function and higher rates of subclinical myocardial inflammation and fibrosis, which were more abnormal with greater severity of the disease. AIDS was associated with myocardial fibrosis, where the observations supported earlier initiation of antiretroviral therapy in the Chinese HIV\/AIDS cohort.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.756162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T05:44:02Z","timestamp":1636955042000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Cardiac Involvement in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infected Patients: An Observational Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Chengxi","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruili","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojuan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenqiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meiji","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minglei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongjun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"735","article-title":"Immediate causes of death in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"109","author":"Moskowitz","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060085","article-title":"Heart involvement in AIDS: a prospective study during various stages of the disease","volume":"13","author":"De Castro","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur Heart J."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"231","article-title":"Cardiac involvement in HIV-infected people living in Africa: a review","volume":"14","author":"Magula","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cardiovasc J S Afr."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e44454","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044454","article-title":"Inflammation, coagulation and cardiovascular disease in HIV-Infected","volume":"7","author":"Duprez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Individuals."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.93.3.592","article-title":"Assessment of cardiac function in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"93","author":"Raffanti","year":"1988","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(94)90865-6","article-title":"Myocarditis and cardiotropic viral infection associated with severe left ventricular dysfunction in late-stage infection with human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"24","author":"Herskowitz","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(89)90256-8","article-title":"Cardiac manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus infection: a two-dimensional echocardiographic study","volume":"13","author":"Himelman","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-018-1247-2","article-title":"Could FDG-PET imaging play a role in the detection of progressing atherosclerosis in HIV-infected patients?","volume":"26","author":"Mikail","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nucl Cardiol."},{"key":"B9","first-page":"247","article-title":"[Cardiac lesions in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). 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