{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:15:56Z","timestamp":1790835356133,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold> Although atrial fibrillation is a common cardiac arrhythmia in humans, the mechanism that leads to the onset of this condition is poorly elucidated. Adenosine is suspected to be implicated in the trigger of atrial fibrillation (AF) through the activation of its membrane receptors, mainly adenosine receptor (AR) subtypes A<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>R and A<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>R. In this study, we compared blood adenosine concentration (BAC), and A<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>R, A<jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>R, and A<jats:sub>2B<\/jats:sub>R production in right (RA) and left atrium (LA), and on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in patients with underlying structural heart disease undergoing cardiac surgery with or without peri-operative AF (PeOpAF).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> The study group consisted of 39 patients (30 men and 9 women, mean age, range 65 [40\u201382] years) undergoing cardiac surgery and 20 healthy patients (8 women and 12 men; mean age, range 60 [39\u201372] years) as controls were included. Among patients, 15 exhibited PeOpAF.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Blood adenosine concentration was higher in patients with PeOpAF than others. A<jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>R and A<jats:sub>2B<\/jats:sub>R production was higher in PBMCs of patients compared with controls and was higher in PeOpAF patients than other patients. In LA and RA, the production of A<jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>R and A<jats:sub>2B<\/jats:sub>R was higher in patients with PeOpAF than in other patients. Both A<jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>R and A<jats:sub>2B<\/jats:sub>R production were higher in LA vs. RA. A<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>R production was unchanged in all situations. Finally, we observed a correlation between A<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>R, A<jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>R, and A<jats:sub>2B<\/jats:sub>R production evaluated on PBMCs and those evaluated in LA and RA.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> Perioperative AF was associated with high BAC and high A<jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>R and A<jats:sub>2B<\/jats:sub>R expression, especially in the LA, after cardiac surgery in patients with underlying structural heart disease. Whether these increases the favor in triggering the AF in this patient population needs further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.761164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T06:16:04Z","timestamp":1635920164000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A2 Adenosine Receptor Subtypes Overproduction in Atria of Perioperative Atrial Fibrillation Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: A Pilot 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