{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T20:37:50Z","timestamp":1761511070469,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]],"date-time":"2021-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pheochromocytoma multisystem crisis (PMC) is a potentially lethal emergency due to catecholamine secretion. The condition manifests as severe hypertension to intractable cardiogenic shock and has a high mortality rate. This study explored the efficacy and safety of applying chlorpromazine on PMC patients. The study included seven patients (median age, 42 years; range, 14\u201357 years) diagnosed with pheochromocytoma. Four consecutive PMC patients were admitted to our critical care unit between 2016 and 2020 due to abdominal or waist pain, nausea, and vomiting. Their blood pressure (BP) fluctuated between 200\u2013330\/120\u2013200 and 40\u201370\/30\u201350 mmHg. Chlorpromazine (25 or 50 mg) was injected intramuscularly, followed by continuous intravenous infusion (2\u20138 mg\/h). The patients' BP decreased to 100\u2013150\/60\u2013100 mmHg within 1\u20133 h and stabilized within 3\u20135 days. Two weeks later, surgical tumor resection was successfully performed in all four patients. Similar clinical outcomes were also obtained in three patients with sporadic PMC reported in the literature who received chlorpromazine treatment, which reduced their BP readings from &amp;gt;200\/100 mmHg to 120\/70 mmHg. Our observations, combined with sporadic reports, showed that chlorpromazine efficiently controlled PMC. Thus, future studies on the use of chlorpromazine are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.762371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]],"date-time":"2021-11-22T06:07:54Z","timestamp":1637561274000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Chlorpromazine Efficiently Treats the Crisis of Pheochromocytoma: Four Case Reports and Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"James Jiqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zuowen","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hu","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guanglin","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dao Wen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiangang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1515\/enr-2017-0018","article-title":"Pheochromocytoma, diagnosis and treatment: review of the literature","volume":"51","author":"Farrugia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr Regul."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-1498","article-title":"Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline","volume":"99","author":"Lenders","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(55)90486-4","article-title":"Phaeochromocytoma and neurofibromatosis; adrenolytic effect of phentolamine and chlorpromazine","volume":"268","author":"Knox","year":"1955","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2007.04.012","article-title":"Pheochromocytoma: advances in genetics, diagnosis, localization, and treatment","volume":"21","author":"Mittendorf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol Clin North Am."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.5543\/tkda.2015.77925","article-title":"Hypertensive emergency due to pheochromocytoma crisis complicated with refractory hemodynamic collapse","volume":"43","author":"Hayiroglu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e657","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002333","article-title":"Pheochromocytoma crisis in the ICU: a French multicenter cohort study with emphasis on rescue extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"45","author":"Sauneuf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s40200-016-0226-x","article-title":"Does this patient have pheochromocytoma? 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