{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T19:33:34Z","timestamp":1791660814544,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012553","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objectives:<\/jats:bold>Left atrial (LA) remodeling itself is an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke and mortality, with or without atrial fibrillation (AF). Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1\u03b1) has been reported to be involved in the induction of autoimmune myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. Little is known about whether MIP-1\u03b1 can be used to predict LA remodeling, especially in patients with AF.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>We prospectively enrolled 78 patients who had received a cardiac implantable electronic device due to sick sinus syndrome in order to define AF accurately. AF was diagnosed clinically before enrollment, according to 12-lead electrocardiography (ECG) and 24-h Holter test in 54 (69%) patients. The serum cytokine levels and the mRNA expression levels of peripheral blood leukocytes were checked and echocardiographic study was performed on the same day within 1 week after the patients were enrolled into the study. The 12-lead ECG and 24-h Holter test were performed on the same day of the patients' enrollment, and the device interrogation was performed every 3 months after enrollment. The enrolled patients were clinically followed up for 1 year.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>There was no difference in baseline characteristics, cytokine levels and mRNA expression between patients with and without AF. Larger LA volume was positively correlated with higher levels of MIP-1\u03b1 (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>= 0.461,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2264 0.001) and the atrial high-rate episodes (AHREs) burden (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>= 0.593,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.001), and negatively correlated with higher levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-\u03b21 (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>= \u22120.271,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>= 0.047) and TGF-\u03b23 (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>= \u22120.279,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>= 0.041). The higher AHREs burden and MIP-1\u03b1 level could predict LA volume independently. The mRNA expression of<jats:italic>RORC<\/jats:italic>was negatively associated with the MIP-1\u03b1 level.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>This study showed that higher MIP-1\u03b1 was significantly associated with LA remodeling and may have the potentials to predict LA remodeling in terms of a larger LA volume, and that circadian gene derangement might affect the expression of MIP-1\u03b1.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.784792","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T06:15:17Z","timestamp":1639030517000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1 Alpha, a Potential Biomarker for Predicting Left Atrial Remodeling in Patients With Atrial 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