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Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), ranging from simple steatosis to inflammatory steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis, continues to rise, making it one of the major chronic liver diseases and indications for liver transplantation worldwide. The pathological processes underlying NAFLD not only affect the liver but are also likely to have systemic effects. In fact, growing evidence indicates that patients with NAFLD are at increased risk for developing atherosclerosis. Indeed, cardiovascular complications are the leading cause of mortality in NAFLD patients. Here, we aim to address common pathophysiological molecular pathways involved in chronic fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis. In particular, we focus on the role of oxidized lipids and the formation of oxidation-specific epitopes, which are important targets of host immunity. Acting as metabolic danger signals, they drive pro-inflammatory processes and thus contribute to disease progression. Finally, we summarize encouraging studies indicating that oxidized lipids are promising immunological targets to improve intervention strategies for NAFLD and potentially limit the risk of developing atherosclerosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.824481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T05:17:00Z","timestamp":1641791820000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Oxidized Lipids: Common Immunogenic Drivers of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Atherosclerosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Constanze","family":"Hoebinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dragana","family":"Rajcic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Hendrikx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018585","article-title":"Dietary and policy priorities for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity: a comprehensive review","volume":"133","author":"Mozaffarian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3501","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113501","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome: past, present and future","volume":"12","author":"Lemieux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.001","article-title":"Epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in the United States and the rest of the world","volume":"20","author":"Sayiner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0104-9","article-title":"Mechanisms of NAFLD development and therapeutic strategies","volume":"24","author":"Friedman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.010","article-title":"Progression and natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adults","volume":"20","author":"Marengo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28431","article-title":"Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease\u2014meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes","volume":"64","author":"Younossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.109","article-title":"Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention","volume":"15","author":"Younossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154170","article-title":"Complications, morbidity and mortality of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"111","author":"Mantovani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-019-01736-6","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with reduced myocardial FDG uptake is associated with coronary atherosclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nucl Cardiol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-320622","article-title":"NAFLD and increased risk of cardiovascular disease: clinical associations, pathophysiological mechanisms and pharmacological implications","volume":"69","author":"Targher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15938","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95581-8","article-title":"Liver fibrosis is associated with carotid atherosclerosis in patients with liver biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"11","author":"Arai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1199","article-title":"Association of hepatic steatosis with subclinical atherosclerosis: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Kapuria","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.2","article-title":"Natural killer T cells in atherosclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Getz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol. 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