{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:51:05Z","timestamp":1787500265415,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]],"date-time":"2022-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite advances in diagnostic and treatment, morbidity and mortality due to infective endocarditis (IE) has not decreased. There is a discrepancy in epidemiology of IE between developed and developing countries. Over the last years, increased early detection and consequently prevalence of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) and congenital heart disease (CHD) which are considered predisposing conditions for IE, is noted. Here, we present a review of literature on IE in developing countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a systematic literature search of IE studies in developing countries through PubMed and Embase. We have divided the studies into two groups: studies published before 2015 (group 1) and studies \u2265 2015 (group 2). The outcome was defined as a difference in epidemiology, microbiology, treatment, and mortality over time. The Scale for Assessment of Narrative Review Articles guidelines was applied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In total, 16 studies were included. The total number of IE cases was 1,098 and 1,505 in groups 1 and 2, respectively. We compared 4\/7 cohorts from group 1 (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 789) with 5\/9 cohorts from group 2 (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 636). Six studies were not included in the comparison because they were interacting between the two cohorts. Males predominated in all studies. Rheumatic heart disease was higher in group 1 than in group 2 (42.3% vs. 30.3%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001) while for CHD there was no change (17.6% vs. 16.7%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.672). Streptococci infections was lower in group 1 than group 2 (26.2% vs. 37.7%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001). The proportion of\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      was 15.3% in group 1 and 23.6% in group 2,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001. Negative blood culture (NBC) was higher in group 1 than in group 2 (42.2% vs. 34.1%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.002). Patients in group 1 received more surgery than in group 2 (38.8% vs. 28.8%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001). Mortality was similar in the two groups (20.9% vs. 22.3%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.518).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This review shows a scarcity of studies on IE in developing countries. Rheumatic heart disease and congenital heart disease are common predisposing conditions. Other risk factors are prosthetic valves, degenerative valve disease (DVD), intravenous drug use, and human immunodeficiency virus infection. While the proportion of IE cases caused by\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      has increased, the number of NBC and patients getting surgery has decreased. Mortality has not changed over time. Timely diagnosis and management of patients with RHD and CHD and comprehensive management of IE are warranted.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.1007118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]],"date-time":"2022-09-12T01:46:47Z","timestamp":1662947207000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Infective endocarditis in developing countries: An update"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Reuben K.","family":"Mutagaywa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josephine C.","family":"Vroon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lulu","family":"Fundikira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Wind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Kunambi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Manyahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Apollinary","family":"Kamuhabwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gideon","family":"Kwesigabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven A. 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