{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:34:30Z","timestamp":1787236470150,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Distant metastases are independent negative prognostic factors for patients with primary malignant cardiac tumors (PMCT). This study aims to further investigate metastatic patterns and their prognostic effects in patients with PMCT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This multicenter retrospective study included 218 patients with PMCT diagnosed between 2010 and 2017 from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Logistic regression was utilized to identify metastatic risk factors. A Chi-square test was performed to assess the metastatic rate. Kaplan\u2013Meier methods and Cox regression analysis were used to analyze the prognostic effects of metastatic patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sarcoma (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.002) and tumor size\u00bf4 cm (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.006) were independent risk factors of distant metastases in patients with PMCT. Single lung metastasis (about 34%) was the most common of all metastatic patterns, and lung metastases occurred more frequently (17.9%) than bone, liver, and brain. Brain metastases had worst overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) among other metastases, like lung, bone, liver, and brain (OS: HR = 3.20, 95% CI: 1.02\u201310.00,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.046; CSS: HR = 3.53, 95% CI: 1.09\u201311.47,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.036).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with PMCT who had sarcoma or a tumor larger than 4 cm had a higher risk of distant metastases. Lung was the most common metastatic site, and brain metastases had worst survival among others, such as lung, bone, liver, and brain. The results of this study provide insight for early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of distant metastases associated with PMCT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.1009765","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T00:13:20Z","timestamp":1670199200000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Metastatic patterns and prognosis of patients with primary malignant cardiac tumor"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Tianwang","family":"Guan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingqian","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongshi","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongjun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenxing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weijing","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yintong","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zehao","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaiyi","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caiwen","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minsheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.03.041","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of primary cardiac malignancies: multi-institutional results from the National Cancer Database.","volume":"75","author":"Sultan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.016418","article-title":"Characteristics and survival of malignant cardiac tumors: a 40-year analysis of >500 patients.","volume":"132","author":"Oliveira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccao.2020.05.009","article-title":"Cardiac tumors: JACC cardiooncology state-of-the-art review.","volume":"2","author":"Tyebally","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC CardioOncol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2018.04.127","article-title":"The impact of postoperative therapy on primary cardiac sarcoma.","volume":"156","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1111\/jocs.14299","article-title":"Nomograms and risk classification systems predicting overall and cancer-specific survival in primary malignant cardiac tumor.","volume":"34","author":"Guan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Card Surg."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2019.11.033","article-title":"Prognostic impacts of tumour size on patients with primary cardiac sarcoma.","volume":"36","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.014846","article-title":"Survival differences in men and women with primary malignant cardiac tumor: an analysis using the surveillance, epidemiology and end results (SEER) database from 1973 to 2015.","volume":"9","author":"Antwi-Amoabeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.783126","article-title":"Survival after resection of primary cardiac tumors: a 48-year experience.","volume":"118","author":"Elbardissi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.06.054","article-title":"Risk factors for early death in primary malignant cardiac tumors: an analysis of over 40 years and 500 patients.","volume":"270","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2013.09.012","article-title":"Primary cardiac sarcomas: a retrospective study of the French Sarcoma Group.","volume":"50","author":"Isambert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2018.0501","article-title":"Practical guide to surgical data sets: surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) database.","volume":"153","author":"Doll","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"key":"B12","year":"","journal-title":"About the SEER Program."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3889","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz766","article-title":"A population-based study of cardiovascular disease mortality risk in US cancer patients.","volume":"40","author":"Sturgeon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Heart J."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2015.07.007","article-title":"Malignant tumors of the heart.","volume":"39","author":"Hudzik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.625720","article-title":"Metastasis patterns and prognosis of elderly patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma in stage ivb: a population-based study.","volume":"11","author":"Qiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.17322","article-title":"Differences in breast cancer stage at diagnosis and cancer-specific survival by race and ethnicity in the United States.","volume":"313","author":"Iqbal","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1758835919889003","article-title":"Metastasis pattern and prognosis of male breast cancer patients in US: a population-based study from SEER database.","volume":"11","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Therap Adv Med Oncol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.2673","article-title":"Metastatic patterns and survival outcomes in patients with stage IV colon cancer: a population-based analysis.","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-0838","article-title":"Association between fasting glucose variability in young adulthood and the progression of coronary artery calcification in middle age.","volume":"43","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.889844","article-title":"Prognostic impact of serum CRP level in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.1684","article-title":"Incidence of diabetes after cancer development: a Korean national cohort study.","volume":"4","author":"Hwangbo","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3929","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12987","article-title":"Outcomes of diuretics in rheumatic heart disease with compensated chronic heart failure: a retrospective study.","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.711203","article-title":"Association of digoxin application approaches with long-term clinical outcomes in rheumatic heart disease patients with heart failure: a retrospective study.","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.00715","article-title":"Patterns of extrathoracic metastases in different histological types of lung cancer.","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Oncol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2017.0526","article-title":"Effect of tumor size on risk of metastatic disease and survival for thyroid cancer: implications for biopsy guidelines.","volume":"28","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thyroid."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1758835920932674","article-title":"A large-cohort retrospective study of metastatic patterns and prognostic outcomes between inflammatory and non-inflammatory breast cancer.","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Therap Adv Med Oncol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.currproblcancer.2019.06.005","article-title":"Contemporary management of metastatic soft tissue sarcoma.","volume":"43","author":"Bui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cancer."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199809000-00008","article-title":"Retroperitoneal soft-tissue sarcoma: analysis of 500 patients treated and followed at a single institution.","volume":"228","author":"Lewis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Surg."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.03.046","article-title":"Primary cardiac malignancies: the need for a multidisciplinary approach and the role of the cardio-oncologist.","volume":"75","author":"Lestuzzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.723396","article-title":"The epidemiology of lung metastases.","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1897","article-title":"Primary cardiac sarcomas: a multi-national retrospective review.","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1097\/COC.0000000000000106","article-title":"Primary cardiac sarcoma: 25-year cleveland clinic experience.","volume":"39","author":"Randhawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Clin Oncol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.14797\/mdcj-6-3-44","article-title":"Right heart sarcomas.","volume":"6","author":"Vaporciyan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2015.07.087","article-title":"Surgical treatment of primary cardiac sarcomas: review of a single-institution experience.","volume":"101","author":"Ramlawi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nox077","article-title":"Incidence and prognosis of patients with brain metastases at diagnosis of systemic malignancy: a population-based study.","volume":"19","author":"Cagney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1960593","article-title":"Primary cardiac sarcoma: a rare, aggressive malignancy with a high propensity for brain metastases.","volume":"2019","author":"Siontis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sarcoma."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-019-0220-y","article-title":"Brain metastasis.","volume":"20","author":"Boire","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.07.043","article-title":"Outcomes of cardiac diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in the rituximab era.","volume":"339","author":"Al-Juhaishi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2020.02.019","article-title":"Socioeconomic determinants of the surgical treatment of colorectal liver metastases.","volume":"220","author":"Sell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Surg."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.09.032","article-title":"Impact of health insurance and socioeconomic status in the outcome of cancer and cardiac diseases.","volume":"344","author":"Lestuzzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5006","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1772","article-title":"Pattern of distant metastases in primary extrahepatic bile-duct cancer: a SEER-based study.","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6445","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.63813","article-title":"Metastasis patterns and prognosis in breast cancer patients aged = 80 years: a SEER database analysis.","volume":"12","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cancer."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nov023","article-title":"Unsanctifying the sanctuary: challenges and opportunities with brain metastases.","volume":"17","author":"Puhalla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2022.1009765\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T00:13:23Z","timestamp":1670199203000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2022.1009765\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcvm.2022.1009765"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2022.1009765","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-055X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-055X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"article-number":"1009765"}}