{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T02:54:09Z","timestamp":1780109649365,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a fatal disease characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling and increased pulmonary artery pressure, leading to impaired lung oxygenation, right heart failure, and even death. Although great advances have been made in PAH-targeted medications for pediatric patients, the efficacy and safety of these treatments are controversial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We retrieved relevant articles from electronic databases including PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library until 12 April 2022. To compare the effectiveness and safety of endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs), phosphodiesterase type 5 Inhibitors (PDE-5i), and prostaglandins (ProA) in the treatment of pediatric PAH, we investigated six hemodynamic parameters, four respiratory parameters, intensive care unit (ICU) stay duration, length of hospital stay, and two safety outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 27 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in the meta-analysis with 1,574 pediatric participants. The duration of mechanical ventilation was shorter for patients using bosentan, sildenafil, and ProsA, compared with that for patients using the placebo. Bosentan helped to shorten more time for mechanical ventilation than ProsA did, while ProsA was more effective than sildenafil in this respect. As for the length of stay in the ICU, patients administered by ProsA or sildenafil needed shorter ICU stay, compared to those using the placebo, while ProsA was more effective for shortening ICU stay time. In light of safety outcomes, there was a statistically significant difference between the sildenafil and the placebo group. Sildenafil surpassed ProsA in reducing the incidence of pulmonary hypertension (PH) crisis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>ERAs were more effective than ProsA in shortening the duration of mechanical ventilation, while ProsA were better for shortening the duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU stay than PDE-5i. PDE-5i were found to generate more benefits in decreasing the occurrence of PH crisis, though further investigation is warranted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/display_record.php?RecordID=351505<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.1055897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T05:45:33Z","timestamp":1673415933000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Efficacy and safety of endothelin receptor antagonists, phosphodiesterase type 5 Inhibitors, and prostaglandins in pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension: A network meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Fen","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-zhi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-jun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhong-wu","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0000000000000822","article-title":"Update on pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"36","author":"Ivy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cardiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1086\/690007","article-title":"Pulmonary arterial hypertension in the USA: an epidemiological study in a large insured pediatric population","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pulm Circ."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201406-1052OC","article-title":"Assessing pulmonary hypertensive vascular disease in childhood. 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