{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:49:18Z","timestamp":1753890558488,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infective endocarditis (IE) remains a disease with high morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical characteristics and echocardiographic features of patients with IE.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analyzed patients with either definitive or probable diagnosis of IE who were hospitalized in a teaching hospital in Mashhad, Iran between June 2011 and January 2020. Patients who survived were followed up by echocardiography for at least 6-month after hospital discharge.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 82 cases with IE were included of which 62 (75.6%) received definitive diagnosis. The mean age was 39.7 \u00b1 18.7 years and 52 (63.4%) were male. The most common preexisting structural cardiac abnormality that predispose patients to IE were congenital heart diseases (28 %) of which bicuspid aortic valve was more common (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 12, 14.6%), followed by ventricular septal defect (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 9, 11%) and Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 2, 2.4%). Three (3.6 %) cases had rheumatic heart disease and 12 (14.6 %) were injecting drug users. The most common causative pathogen was <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>, detected in 7 (19.4%) cases. Follow-up echocardiography revealed right or left ventricular failure in 10 (12.1%) cases. Cardiac complications occurred in 41 (50%) cases and systemic complications in 63 (76.8%). All-cause mortality was 41.5% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 34) and 6 (18.1%) patients died due to cardiovascular complications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The short- and long-term prognosis in IE was poor and the predictors for in-hospital and 1-year mortality were defined as heart failure and septic shock. Congenital heart disease and intravenous illicit drug using (IVDU) were the most common predisposing condition which may necessitate a revision in the IE prophylaxis recommendations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.789624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T16:46:25Z","timestamp":1649090785000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Infective Endocarditis: Clinical Characteristics and Echocardiographic 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