{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:00:59Z","timestamp":1791928859887,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dysbiotic gut microbiota (GM) plays a regulatory role during the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis. GM-derived metabolite phenylacetylglutamine (PAGln) enhances platelet responsiveness and thrombosis potential, thereby inducing major adverse cardiovascular events. However, the role of GM and microbial metabolite PAGln in the pathogenesis of in-stent stenosis remains unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>16S rRNA sequencing was performed on fecal samples in 103 coronary artery disease (CAD) patients, including 35 individuals with in-stent patency (control), 32 individuals with in-stent hyperplasia (ISH), and 36 subjects with in-stent stenosis (ISS), and the levels of plasma PAGln were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results revealed significantly enhanced microbial diversity and disrupted composition, such as enrichment of <jats:italic>Roseburia, Blautia<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Ruminococcus<\/jats:italic>, were observed in CAD patients with in-stent stenosis. The imbalance of microbial function related to PAGln synthesis and elevated plasma GM-derived metabolite PAGln levels was detected in CAD patients with in-stent stenosis. The GM-dependent diagnostic model could identify CAD patients with in-stent stenosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current study revealed the disordered signature, altered functions, and potential diagnostic ability of GM in CAD patients with in-stent hyperplasia and stenosis. Enhanced microbiota-derived PAGln synthesis-related functions and elevated plasma PAGln levels were associated with in-stent stenosis and hyperplasia in CAD patients. Thus, an intervention targeting gut microbes may be a promising strategy to prevent stent stenosis in patients with CAD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.832092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T15:33:54Z","timestamp":1648568034000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota and Metabolite Phenylacetylglutamine in Coronary Artery Disease Patients With Stent Stenosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Chen","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongjiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinchun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e139","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000746","article-title":"American heart association council on epidemiology and prevention statistics committee and stroke statistics subcommittee. 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