{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T21:51:20Z","timestamp":1776376280473,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]],"date-time":"2022-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005762","name":"National Taiwan University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["110-CGN05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-CGN05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005762","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a critical condition and the leading cause of mortality after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Scores that predict mortality have been established, but a patient's clinical course is often nonlinear. Thus, factors present during acute care management may be explored. This study intended to develop a risk-predictive model for patients with CS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this observational study, adult patients who received inotropic support at the Emergency Room (ER) from January 2017 to August 2020 and were admitted to the cardiac care unit (CCU) with a diagnosis of CS were enrolled in this study. Patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, inotropic support for bradycardia, and survival &amp;lt;24 h after ER arrival were excluded. A total of 311 patients were enrolled and categorized into derivation (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 243) and validation (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 68) cohorts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A history of coronary artery disease, multiple inotrope use, ejection fraction &amp;lt;40%, lower hemoglobin concentration, longer cardiopulmonary resuscitation duration, albumin infusion, and renal replacement therapy were identified as independent prognostic factors for in-hospital mortality. The cardiogenic shock prognosis (CSP) score was established as a nomogram and three risk groups were identified: low-risk (score 115, 0% of mortality), medium-risk (score 116\u2013209, 8.75% of mortality), and high-risk (score 210, 66.67% of mortality). The area-under-the-curve (AUC) of the CSP score was 0.941, and the discrimination value in the validation cohort was consistent (AUC = 0.813).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The CSP score represents a risk-predictive model for in-hospital mortality in patients with CS in acute care settings. Patients identified as the high-risk category may have a poor prognosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.842056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]],"date-time":"2022-03-07T06:15:04Z","timestamp":1646633704000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The CSP (Cardiogenic Shock Prognosis) Score: A Tool for Risk Stratification of Cardiogenic Shock"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yu-Tzu","family":"Tien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen-Jone","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chien-Hua","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen-Hsu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei-Ting","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chi-Sheng","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jr-Jiun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ching-Chang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei-Tien","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min-Shan","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/cce2.62","article-title":"Cardiogenic shock: current epidemiology and management","volume":"3","author":"Kataja","year":"2017","journal-title":"Contin Cardiol Educ."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e011991","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.011991","article-title":"Cardiogenic shock","volume":"8","author":"Vahdatpour","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2010.06.024","article-title":"severity scoring system for risk assessment of patients with cardiogenic shock: a report from the SHOCK Trial and Registry","volume":"160","author":"Sleeper","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am Heart J."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.02.027","article-title":"Risk stratification for Patients in cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction","volume":"69","author":"Poss","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.260","article-title":"Clinical picture and risk prediction of short-term mortality in cardiogenic shock","volume":"17","author":"Harjola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.14797\/mdcj-16-1-36","article-title":"Management of cardiogenic shock in a cardiac intensive care unit","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005618","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.119.005618","article-title":"Epidemiology of shock in contemporary cardiac intensive care units","volume":"12","author":"Berg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz488","article-title":"Predicting outcomes in cardiogenic shock: are we at risk of having too many scores but too little information?","volume":"40","author":"Lopez-Sobrino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Heart J."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3222","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv556","article-title":"The CAHP (Cardiac Arrest Hospital Prognosis) score: a tool for risk stratification after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest","volume":"37","author":"Maupain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1387-1","article-title":"Current real-life use of vasopressors and inotropes in cardiogenic shock - 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