{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T12:23:22Z","timestamp":1769343802274,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Several studies have examined the role of physical activity as a predictor of heart failure (HF) mortality and morbidity. Here, we aimed to evaluate the role of self-reported physical activity as an independent risk factor of post-discharge mortality and re-hospitalization in patients hospitalized for HF, as well as study the association between physical activity and 92 plasma proteins associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Four-hundred-and-thirty-four patients hospitalized for HF (mean age 75 years; 32% women) were screened for physical activity derived from questionnaires in the Swedish national public health survey. The median follow-up time to death and re-hospitalization was 835 (interquartile range, 390\u20131,432) and 157 (43\u2013583) days, respectively. Associations between baseline reported physical activity, mortality and re-hospitalization risk were analyzed using multivariable Cox regression analysis. Plasma samples from 295 study participants were analyzed with a proximity extension assay consisting of 92 proteins. Associations between proteins and physical activity were explored using a false discovery rate of &amp;lt;5%, and significant associations were taken forward to multivariate analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the multivariate Cox regression model, physical inactivity, defined as physical activity time &amp;lt;1 h throughout the week was associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR 1.71; CI95% 1.26\u20132.31; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 5.9 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>) as well as all-cause re-hospitalization (HR 1.27; CI95% 1.01\u20131.60; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.038). Further, physical inactivity was associated with elevated plasma levels of Metalloproteinase inhibitor 4, Soluble interleukin 1 receptor-like 1, Elafin and Transferrin receptor protein 1, which are implicated in myocardial fibrosis, migration and apoptosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Self-reported low weekly physical activity is associated with increased risk of mortality and re-hospitalization in patients hospitalized for HF independent of traditional risk factors. Furthermore, physical inactivity was associated with elevated levels of 4 proteins linked to cardiovascular disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.843029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T06:25:55Z","timestamp":1645424755000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Physical Inactivity Is Associated With Post-discharge Mortality and Re-hospitalization Risk Among Swedish Heart Failure Patients\u2014The HARVEST-Malm\u00f6 Study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Amir","family":"Zaghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannes","family":"Holm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Korduner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Dieden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Molvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erasmus","family":"Bachus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amra","family":"Jujic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Magnusson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-018-0815-3","article-title":"Cost-of-illness 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