{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:34:22Z","timestamp":1790717662469,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]],"date-time":"2022-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI19\/00240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI19\/00240"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015883","name":"Sociedad Espa\u00f1ola de Nefrolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015883","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013277","name":"Joint Programming Initiative Urban Europe","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013277","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vascular calcification is an irreversible pathological process associated with a loss of vascular wall function. This process occurs as a result of aging and age-related diseases, such as cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases, and leads to comorbidities. During these age-related diseases, the endothelium accumulates senescent cells, which stimulate calcification in vascular smooth muscle cells. Currently, vascular calcification is a silent pathology, and there are no early diagnostic tools. Therefore, by the time vascular calcification is diagnosed, it is usually untreatable. Some mediators, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and extracellular vesicles, are inducers and promoters of vascular calcification. They play a crucial role during vascular generation and the progression of vascular calcification. Extracellular vesicles, mainly derived from injured endothelial cells that have acquired a senescent phenotype, contribute to calcification in a manner mostly dependent on two factors: (1) the number of extracellular vesicles released, and (2) their cargo. In this review, we present state-of-the-art knowledge on the composition and functions of extracellular vesicles involved in the generation and progression of vascular calcification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.854726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]],"date-time":"2022-04-15T04:59:52Z","timestamp":1649998792000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["The Contribution of Extracellular Vesicles From Senescent Endothelial and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells to Vascular Calcification"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Cristina","family":"Mas-Bargues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Consuelo","family":"Borr\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matilde","family":"Alique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.118.311576","article-title":"Multifaceted mechanisms of vascular calcification in aging.","volume":"39","author":"Pescatore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00056","article-title":"Calcification in atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability: friend or foe?","volume":"11","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Physiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2014.10.021","article-title":"Vascular calcification: mechanisms of vascular smooth muscle cell calcification.","volume":"25","author":"Leopold","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy010","article-title":"Role of smooth muscle cells in vascular calcification: implications in atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness.","volume":"114","author":"Durham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.113.302642","article-title":"Has our understanding of calcification in human coronary atherosclerosis progressed?","volume":"34","author":"Otsuka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13536","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413536","article-title":"Vascular calcification: key roles of phosphate and pyrophosphate.","volume":"22","author":"Villa-Bellosta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu163","article-title":"Medial vascular calcification revisited: review and perspectives.","volume":"35","author":"Lanzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Heart J."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10050652","article-title":"Vitamin D in vascular calcification: a double-edged sword?","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.118.311444","article-title":"Synthesis of extracellular pyrophosphate increases in vascular smooth muscle cells during phosphate-induced calcification.","volume":"38","author":"Villa-Bellosta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.cj-11-0477","article-title":"Calcium phosphate deposition with normal phosphate concentration. Role of pyrophosphate.","volume":"75","author":"Villa-Bellosta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ J."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0912923","article-title":"NT5E mutations and arterial calcifications.","volume":"364","author":"St Hilaire","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13081138","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease-induced arterial media calcification in rats prevented by tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase substrate supplementation rather than inhibition of the enzyme.","volume":"13","author":"Opdebeeck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2003.12.005","article-title":"Vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease.","volume":"43","author":"Goodman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.5527\/wjn.v5.i5.398","article-title":"Vascular calcification: when should we interfere in chronic kidney disease patients and how?","volume":"5","author":"Sharaf","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Nephrol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-005-0668-6","article-title":"Vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease.","volume":"24","author":"Jono","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Metab."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000133194.94939.42","article-title":"Vascular calcification: mechanisms and clinical ramifications.","volume":"24","author":"Abedin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-249706","article-title":"Endothelial microparticles mediate inflammation-induced vascular calcification.","volume":"29","author":"Buend\u00eda","year":"2015","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101191","article-title":"Microvesicles from the plasma of elderly subjects and from senescent endothelial cells promote vascular calcification.","volume":"9","author":"Alique","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9010195","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factor-1\u03b1: the master regulator of endothelial cell senescence in vascular aging.","volume":"9","author":"Alique","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00395","article-title":"\u03b1-damaged-HUVECs microparticles modify endothelial progenitor cell functional activity.","volume":"6","author":"Luna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Physiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19072003","article-title":"Senescent microvesicles: a novel advance in molecular mechanisms of atherosclerotic calcification.","volume":"19","author":"Alique","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4274","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102046","article-title":"The interplay between mineral metabolism, vascular calcification and inflammation in chronic kidney disease (CKD): challenging old concepts with new facts.","volume":"11","author":"Viegas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00185","article-title":"Mechanisms of cardiovascular disorders in patients with chronic kidney disease: a process related to accelerated senescence.","volume":"8","author":"Carracedo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-017-0576-8","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor activation reduces inflammatory cytokines and plasma MicroRNAs in moderate chronic kidney disease \u2013 a randomized trial.","volume":"18","author":"Mansouri","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5829","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612820666140212194926","article-title":"Vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease: role of disordered mineral metabolism.","volume":"20","author":"Palit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11010078","article-title":"Exploring new kingdoms: the role of extracellular vesicles in oxi-inflamm-aging related to cardiorenal syndrome.","volume":"11","author":"Mas-Bargues","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2020.04.006","article-title":"Microvesicles from indoxyl sulfate-treated endothelial cells induce vascular calcification.","volume":"18","author":"Alique","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput Struct Biotechnol J."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.11909\/j.issn.1671-5411.2015.06.012","article-title":"Current understanding of coronary artery calcification.","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Geriatr Cardiol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-019-01439-5","article-title":"Prognostic impact of body mass index and culprit lesion calcification in patients with acute myocardial infarction.","volume":"34","author":"Yokoyama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart Vessels."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16006","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.6","article-title":"Calcific aortic stenosis.","volume":"2","author":"Lindman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000703","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2017-000703","article-title":"\u2018Porcelain aorta\u2019: a proposed definition and classification of ascending aortic calcification.","volume":"5","author":"Snow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Heart."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.011867","article-title":"Porcelain aorta: a comprehensive review.","volume":"131","author":"Abramowitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.113.302070","article-title":"Inflammatory, metabolic, and genetic mechanisms of vascular calcification.","volume":"34","author":"Demer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02190507","article-title":"Progressive vascular calcification over 2 years is associated with arterial stiffening and increased mortality in patients with stages 4 and 5 chronic kidney disease.","volume":"2","author":"Sigrist","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.10.005","article-title":"Cellular senescence: defining a path forward.","volume":"179","author":"Gorgoulis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2021.111540","article-title":"Senescence and senolytics in cardiovascular disease: promise and potential pitfalls.","volume":"198","author":"Owens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mech Ageing Dev."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ii31","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaa006","article-title":"Early vascular ageing in chronic kidney disease: impact of inflammation, vitamin K, senescence and genomic damage.","volume":"35","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.73024","article-title":"Endothelial cell senescence in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction.","author":"Carracedo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endothelial Dysfunction - Old Concepts and New Challenges [Internet]"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161116666180820115726","article-title":"Endothelial extracellular vesicles produced by senescent cells: pathophysiological role in the cardiovascular disease associated with all types of diabetes mellitus.","volume":"17","author":"Carracedo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Vasc Pharmacol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e254","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000950","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics-2021 update: a report from the American heart association.","volume":"143","author":"Virani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/s0735-1097(97)00443-9","article-title":"Arterial calcification and not lumen stenosis is highly correlated with atherosclerotic plaque burden in humans: a histologic study of 723 coronary artery segments using nondecalcifying methodology.","volume":"31","author":"Sangiorgi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.743062","article-title":"Pericardial fat, visceral abdominal fat, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and vascular calcification in a community\u2013based sample: the Framingham heart study.","volume":"117","author":"Rosito","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2001.25195","article-title":"Significant association between the progression of coronary artery calcification and dyslipidemia in patients on chronic hemodialysis.","volume":"38","author":"Tamashiro","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.08.032","article-title":"Determinants of progression of coronary artery calcification in type 2 diabetes role of glycemic control and inflammatory\/vascular calcification markers.","volume":"50","author":"Anand","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1291\/hypres.27.47","article-title":"Left ventricular hypertrophy is associated with arterial stiffness and vascular calcification in hemodialysis patients.","volume":"27","author":"Nitta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hypertens Res."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12605","article-title":"Arterial ageing: from endothelial dysfunction to vascular calcification.","volume":"281","author":"Tesauro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Intern Med."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0675-0","article-title":"Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span.","volume":"25","author":"Furman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622315578654","article-title":"The prevalence of vascular calcification in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis: a cross-sectional observational study.","volume":"6","author":"Kraus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ther Adv Chronic Dis."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-019-0259-x","article-title":"IL-6: linking chronic inflammation and vascular calcification.","volume":"15","author":"L\u00f3pez-Mej\u00edas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2009.02138.x","article-title":"Systemic inflammation as a driver of vascular calcification: a proof of concept.","volume":"266","author":"Shantsila","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Intern Med."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4310379","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4310379","article-title":"Vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease: the role of inflammation.","volume":"2018","author":"Benz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Nephrol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8122033","article-title":"Pathophysiological implication of fetuin-A glycoprotein in the development of metabolic disorders: a concise review.","volume":"8","author":"Bourebaba","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.16230","article-title":"Role of gut microbiota-derived metabolites on vascular calcification in CKD.","volume":"25","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13040274","article-title":"Contribution of gut microbiota-derived uremic toxins to the cardiovascular system mineralization.","volume":"13","author":"Filipska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9070804","article-title":"Vascular calcification mechanisms: updates and renewed insight into signaling pathways involved in high phosphate-mediated vascular smooth muscle cell calcification.","volume":"9","author":"Abbasian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15319","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M800021200","article-title":"Oxidative stress induces vascular calcification through modulation of the osteogenic transcription factor Runx2 by AKT signaling.","volume":"283","author":"Byon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10366","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46824-2","article-title":"Activation of KEAP1\/NRF2\/P62 signaling alleviates high phosphate-induced calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells by suppressing reactive oxygen species production.","volume":"9","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2857","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000141960.01035.28","article-title":"Human vascular smooth muscle cells undergo vesicle-mediated calcification in response to changes in extracellular calcium and phosphate concentrations: a potential mechanism for accelerated vascular calcification in ESRD.","volume":"15","author":"Reynolds","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.05.038","article-title":"Poly(ADP-Ribose) links the DNA damage response and biomineralization.","volume":"27","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.305012","article-title":"Vascular smooth muscle cell calcification is mediated by regulated exosome secretion.","volume":"116","author":"Kapustin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X211024721","article-title":"Regulation of reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of matrix vesicles induced calcification of recipient vascular smooth muscle cells.","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vasc Med."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13193","article-title":"The role of senescent cells in ageing.","volume":"509","author":"van Deursen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564461","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.564461","article-title":"Senescence and the aging immune system as major drivers of chronic kidney disease.","volume":"8","author":"Schroth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12980","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12980","article-title":"Role of crosstalk between endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease.","volume":"54","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20964","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020964","article-title":"Potential involvement of LOX-1 in functional consequences of endothelial senescence.","volume":"6","author":"Khaidakov","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S84","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.63.s84.21.x","article-title":"Deficiencies of calcium-regulatory proteins in dialysis patients: a novel concept of cardiovascular calcification in uremia.","volume":"63","author":"Ketteler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI17202","article-title":"The serum protein alpha 2-heremans-schmid glycoprotein\/fetuin-A is a systemically acting inhibitor of ectopic calcification.","volume":"112","author":"Schafer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003341","article-title":"Vascular calcification: an age-old problem of old age.","volume":"127","author":"Leopold","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.902056","article-title":"Prelamin A acts to accelerate smooth muscle cell senescence and is a novel biomarker of human vascular aging.","volume":"121","author":"Ragnauth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.209460","article-title":"Cardiovascular pathology in Hutchinson-Gilford progeria: correlation with the vascular pathology of aging.","volume":"30","author":"Olive","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e99","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.300543","article-title":"Prelamin A accelerates vascular calcification via activation of the DNA damage response and senescence-associated secretory phenotype in vascular smooth muscle cells.","volume":"112","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-021-00089-5","article-title":"Senescent cells suppress innate smooth muscle cell repair functions in atherosclerosis.","volume":"1","author":"Childs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Aging."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1113\/JP270923","article-title":"Ageing induced vascular smooth muscle cell senescence in atherosclerosis.","volume":"594","author":"Uryga","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.236349","article-title":"Aging enhances the basal production of IL-6 and CCL2 in vascular smooth muscle cells.","volume":"32","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27066","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v4.27066","article-title":"Biological properties of extracellular vesicles and their physiological functions.","volume":"4","author":"Y\u00e1\u00f1ez-M\u00f3","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711565","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.711565","article-title":"Exosome-based vaccines: history, current state, and clinical trials.","volume":"12","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.04.006","article-title":"Therapeutic application of extracellular vesicles in acute and chronic renal injury.","volume":"37","author":"Rovira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nefrologia."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2012.199711","article-title":"Evolving role of microparticles in the pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction.","volume":"59","author":"Lovren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Chem."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2019.11.032","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles and redox modulation in aging.","volume":"149","author":"Borras","year":"2020","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20040805","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and aging: insights from the analysis of extracellular vesicles.","volume":"20","author":"Picca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-018-2806-z","article-title":"Redox-dependent thiol modifications: implications for the release of extracellular vesicles.","volume":"75","author":"Benedikter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13928","article-title":"Biology of extracellular vesicles secreted from senescent cells as senescence\u2013associated secretory phenotype factors.","volume":"20","author":"Misawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2020.111263","article-title":"The bright and dark side of extracellular vesicles in the senescence-associated secretory phenotype.","volume":"189","author":"Wallis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mech Ageing Dev."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071763","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles under oxidative stress conditions: biological properties and physiological roles.","volume":"10","author":"Chiaradia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox6040075","article-title":"Chemotherapy-induced tissue injury: an insight into the role of extracellular vesicles-mediated oxidative stress responses.","volume":"6","author":"Yarana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.10.007","article-title":"Cell-derived microvesicles in cardiovascular diseases and antiplatelet therapy monitoring \u2013 a lesson for future trials? Current evidence, recent progresses and perspectives of clinical application.","volume":"226","author":"Tomaniak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2972","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu153","article-title":"Association of circulating endothelial microparticles with cardiometabolic risk factors in the Framingham heart study.","volume":"35","author":"Amabile","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Heart J."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.06.047","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles as new pharmacological targets to treat atherosclerosis.","volume":"763","author":"Yin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15287","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15287","article-title":"Exosomes maintain cellular homeostasis by excreting harmful DNA from cells.","volume":"8","author":"Takahashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25355","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v5.25355","article-title":"Extensive surface protein profiles of extracellular vesicles from cancer cells may provide diagnostic signatures from blood samples.","volume":"5","author":"Belov","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-08870-w","article-title":"Characterization of surface markers on extracellular vesicles isolated from lymphatic exudate from patients with breast cancer.","volume":"22","author":"Ekstr\u00f6m","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Cancer."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2018.00113","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles as biomarkers in cardiovascular disease; chances and risks.","volume":"5","author":"Dickhout","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2020.104105","article-title":"Vascular calcification: new insights into endothelial cells.","volume":"134","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microvasc Res."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43689-3","article-title":"MicroRNA-126 regulates hypoxia-inducible factor-1\u03b1 which inhibited migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis in replicative endothelial senescence.","volume":"9","author":"Alique","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5602","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.16572","article-title":"Uraemic extracellular vesicles augment osteogenic transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells via enhanced AKT signalling and PiT-1 expression.","volume":"25","author":"Freise","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B2000725","article-title":"Arthrospira maxima (Spirulina) prevents endoplasmic reticulum stress in the kidney through its C-phycocyanin.","volume":"22","author":"Rojas-Franco","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Zhejiang Univ Sci B."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12120811","article-title":"Effects of chronic kidney disease and uremic toxins on extracellular vesicle biology.","volume":"12","author":"Yaker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvaa109","article-title":"Senescence-associated extracellular vesicle release plays a role in senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) in age-associated diseases.","volume":"169","author":"Tanaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Biochem."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39501","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39501","article-title":"Premature senescence of endothelial cells upon chronic exposure to TNF\u03b1 can be prevented by N-acetyl cysteine and plumericin.","volume":"7","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.314704","article-title":"2020 Jeffrey M. Hoeg award lecture: calcifying extracellular vesicles as building blocks of microcalcifications in cardiovascular disorders.","volume":"41","author":"Aikawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.120.315506","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress mediates vascular smooth muscle cell calcification via increased release of Grp78 (glucose-regulated protein, 78 kDa)-loaded extracellular vesicles.","volume":"41","author":"Furmanik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16749","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.203195","article-title":"Bone mesenchymal stem cell derived exosomes alleviate high phosphorus-induced calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells through the NONHSAT 084969.2\/NF-\u03baB axis.","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12631","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12631","article-title":"Melatonin alleviates vascular calcification and ageing through exosomal miR-204\/miR-211 cluster in a paracrine manner.","volume":"68","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pineal Res."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.116582","article-title":"Exosomal Notch3 from high glucose-stimulated endothelial cells regulates vascular smooth muscle cells calcification\/aging.","volume":"232","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825622","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.825622","article-title":"Matrix vesicles as a therapeutic target for vascular calcification.","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692022","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.692022","article-title":"Exosomes and melatonin: where their destinies intersect.","volume":"12","author":"Novais","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.10.021","article-title":"Omics research in vascular calcification.","volume":"511","author":"Duan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0123-8","article-title":"Cardiovascular calcification: artificial intelligence and big data accelerate mechanistic discovery.","volume":"16","author":"Rogers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol."},{"key":"B109","first-page":"157","article-title":"[Molecular mechanism of vascular calcification.].","volume":"29","author":"Kurabayashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Calcium."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101851","article-title":"A dual role for GRP in cardiovascular disease.","volume":"11","author":"Viegas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4024","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13692","article-title":"Exosomes, the message transporters in vascular calcification.","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.11.012","article-title":"Vascular calcification in CKD-MBD: roles for phosphate, FGF23, and Klotho.","volume":"100","author":"Yamada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bone."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3353-2_13","article-title":"Vascular calcification in uremia: new-age concepts about an old-age problem.","volume":"1397","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol."},{"key":"B114","first-page":"635","article-title":"[Vascular calcification \u2013 pathological mechanism and clinical application \u2013 . Mechanisms of vascular calcification].","volume":"25","author":"Shioi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Calcium."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2022.854726\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]],"date-time":"2022-04-15T05:00:04Z","timestamp":1649998804000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2022.854726\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]]},"references-count":114,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcvm.2022.854726"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2022.854726","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-055X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-055X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]]},"article-number":"854726"}}