{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T10:53:13Z","timestamp":1781088793625,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The haemostatic balance is an equilibrium of pro- and anticoagulant factors that work synergistically to prevent bleeding and thrombosis. As thrombin is the central enzyme in the coagulation pathway, it is desirable to measure thrombin generation (TG) in order to detect possible bleeding or thrombotic phenotypes, as well as to investigate the capacity of drugs affecting the formation of thrombin. By investigating the underlying processes of TG (i.e., prothrombin conversion and inactivation), additional information is collected about the dynamics of thrombin formation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To obtain reference values for thrombin dynamics (TD) analysis in 112 healthy donors using an automated system for TG.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>TG was measured on the ST Genesia, fibrinogen on the Start, anti-thrombin (AT) on the STA R Max and \u03b1<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>Macroglobulin (\u03b1<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>M) with an in-house chromogenic assay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>TG was measured using STG-BleedScreen, STG-ThromboScreen and STG-DrugScreen. The TG data was used as an input for TD analysis, in combination with plasma levels of AT, \u03b1<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>M and fibrinogen that were 113% (108\u2013118%), 2.6 \u03bcM (2.2 \u03bcM\u22123.1 \u03bcM) and 2.9 g\/L (2.6\u20133.2 g\/L), respectively. The maximum rate of the prothrombinase complex (PCmax) and the total amount of prothrombin converted (PCtot) increased with increasing tissue factor (TF) concentration. PC<jats:sub>tot<\/jats:sub> increased from 902 to 988 nM, whereas PC<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> increased from 172 to 508 nM\/min. Thrombin (T)-AT and T-\u03b1<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>M complexes also increased with increasing TF concentration (i.e., from 860 to 955 nM and from 28 to 33 nm, respectively). PC<jats:sub>tot<\/jats:sub>, T-AT and T-\u03b1<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>M complex formation were strongly inhibited by addition of thrombomodulin (\u221244%, \u221243%, and \u221248%, respectively), whereas PC<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> was affected less (\u221224%). PC<jats:sub>tot<\/jats:sub>, PC<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>, T-AT, and T-\u03b1<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>M were higher in women using oral contraceptives (OC) compared to men\/women without OC, and inhibition by thrombomodulin was also significantly less in women on OC (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>TG measured on the ST Genesia can be used as an input for TD analysis. The data obtained can be used as reference values for future clinical studies as the balance between prothrombin conversion and thrombin inactivation has shown to be useful in several clinical settings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.912433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T05:06:33Z","timestamp":1658811993000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Semi-automated thrombin dynamics applying the ST Genesia thrombin generation assay"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Audrey","family":"Carlo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuting","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Ten 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