{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T03:45:49Z","timestamp":1789011949672,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012553","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors has been shown with cardiovascular benefit in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. However, its osmotic diuresis still concern physicians who may look for possible electrolyte imbalance. We therefore aimed to investigate electrocardiographic (ECG) changes associated with SGLT2 inhibitors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Electronic medical records from Chang Gung Research Database between January 1, 2001 and January 31, 2019 were searched for patients with ECG reports and patients on an oral hypoglycemic agent (OHA). We then separate these T2DM patients with EKG into those taking either SGLT2 inhibitors or non-SGLT2 inhibitors. We excluded patients with OHA use &amp;lt;28 days, age &amp;lt;18 years, baseline ECG QTc &amp;gt; 500 ms, and ECG showing atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed between groups by age, sex, comorbidities, and medications (including QT prolonging medications). Conditional logistic regression and Firth's logistic regression for rare events were employed to compare the difference between SGLT2 and non-SGLT2 inhibitor patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After exclusion criteria and PSM, there remained 1,056 patients with ECG on SGLT2 inhibitors and 2,119 patients with ECG on non-SGLT2 inhibitors in the study. There were no differences in PR intervals, QT prolongations by Bazett's or Fridericia's formulas, new onset ST-T changes, new onset CRBBB or CLBBB, and ventricular arrhythmia between the group of patients on SGLT2 inhibitors and the group of patients on non-SGLT2 inhibitors. There were no differences between the two groups in terms of cardiovascular death and sudden cardiac death. In addition, there were no differences between the two groups in terms of electrolytes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with T2DM patients on non-SGLT2 inhibitors, there were no differences in PR interval, QT interval, ST-T changes, bundle-branch block, or ventricular arrhythmia in the patients on SGLT2 inhibitors. There were no differences in cardiovascular mortality between these two groups. In addition, there were no electrolyte differences between groups. SGLT2 inhibitors appeared to be well-tolerated in terms of cardiovascular safety.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.934193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T05:25:57Z","timestamp":1662441957000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Electrocardiographic changes associated with SGLT2 inhibitors and non-SGLT2 inhibitors: A multi-center retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Victor Chien-Chia","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai-Pin","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiu-Yi","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Tzu","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Tung","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Hsiang","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Hao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang-Fu","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shao-Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pao-Hsien","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shang-Hung","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504720","article-title":"Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes","volume":"373","author":"Zinman","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1611925","article-title":"Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes","volume":"377","author":"Neal","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1812389","article-title":"Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes","volume":"380","author":"Wiviott","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1911303","article-title":"Dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction","volume":"381","author":"McMurray","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13126","article-title":"Why do SGLT2 inhibitors reduce heart failure hospitalization? a differential volume regulation hypothesis","volume":"20","author":"Hallow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12127","article-title":"Dapagliflozin a glucose-regulating drug with diuretic properties in subjects with type 2 diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Lambers Heersprink","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. 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