{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:49:20Z","timestamp":1792111760502,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018806","name":"Science and Technology Department of Hubei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018806","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013291","name":"Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013291","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018583","name":"Wuhan Science and Technology Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018583","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate right ventricular (RV) systolic function in fetuses with transposition of the great arteries (TGA) using velocity vector imaging (VVI) and to investigate the impact of different factors on RV systolic function in TGA fetuses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a retrospective cross-sectional study of fetuses referred to our tertiary center between 2015 and 2019. Maternal and fetal baseline characteristics and conventional echocardiographic and myocardial deformation indices were collected in fetuses with TGA at 20\u201328 weeks\u2019 gestation, which were compared with normal fetuses with comparable gestational age (GA). RV deformational parameters including global and regional longitudinal peak systolic strain, strain rate, and velocity were measured using off-line speckle tracking analysis. The univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were established to evaluate the independent risk factors for RV global longitudinal systolic strain (RVGLSs) and strain rate (RVGLSRs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 78 fetuses with TGA [including 49 fetuses with complete transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA) and 29 fetuses with Taussig-Bing anomaly (TBA)] and 49 normal fetuses were included. Compared with normal controls, global and most regional RV longitudinal systolic peak velocity, strain, and strain rate were lower in d-TGA and TBA fetuses (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Compared with normal controls, global and most regional RV longitudinal systolic strain was lower in d-TGA fetuses without pulmonary stenosis (PS) and ventricular septal defect (VSD), while RVGLSs and RVGLSRs were lower in TBA fetuses without PS. The VSD was an independent determinant of RVGLSRs (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.024) in the d-TGA group. Additionally, PS was an independent determinant of RVGLSs and RVGLSRs (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.012, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.027) in the TBA group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Early impairment of RV systolic function has already occurred in TGA fetuses during the 2nd trimester of pregnancy. PS, VSD, and foramen ovale (FO) were independent risk factors for decreased RV function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.973395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T20:43:06Z","timestamp":1673383386000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Right ventricular systolic function and associated anatomic risk factors in fetuses with transposition of the great arteries: Evaluation by velocity vector imaging"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Shan","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liu","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingxing","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yali","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"1195","author":"Allen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Moss and Adams\u2019 Heart Disease in Infants, Children, and Adolescents."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rec.2013.06.021","article-title":"Mid-term morbidity and mortality of patients after arterial switch operation in infancy for transposition of the great arteries.","volume":"67","author":"Rodr\u00edguez Puras","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Esp Cardiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1003941","article-title":"Cardiac development and implications for heart disease.","volume":"363","author":"Epstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.2174\/156652410792630643","article-title":"Hypoxia and fetal heart development.","volume":"10","author":"Patterson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Mol Med."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.17549","article-title":"Myocardial strain assessment using velocity vector imaging in normally grown fetuses at term.","volume":"52","author":"Alsolai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2019.07.008","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of left ventricular dysfunction in fetal Ebstein\u2019s anomaly and tricuspid valve dysplasia.","volume":"32","author":"Eckersley","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.4813","article-title":"Myocardial strain can be measured from first trimester fetal echocardiography using velocity vector imaging.","volume":"36","author":"Chelliah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prenat Diagns."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.12403","article-title":"ISUOG practice guidelines (updated): sonographic screening examination of the fetal heart.","volume":"41","author":"International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carvalho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.20308","article-title":"Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of congenital heart disease and intrauterine growth restriction: a case control study.","volume":"35","author":"Perez Delboy","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Ultrasound."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1159\/000330202","article-title":"Changes in fetal circulation associated with congenital heart disease and their effects on fetal growth.","volume":"30","author":"Itsukaichi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1159\/000444296","article-title":"Transposition of the great arteries in fetal life: accuracy of diagnosis and short-term outcome.","volume":"40","author":"Dom\u00ednguez-Manzano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.12.076","article-title":"Anatomy, function, and dysfunction of the right ventricle: JACC state-of-the-art review.","volume":"73","author":"Sanz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951114000870","article-title":"MRI shows limited mixing between systemic and pulmonary circulations in fetal transposition of the great arteries: a potential cause of in utero pulmonary vascular disease.","volume":"25","author":"Porayette","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiol Young."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jey072","article-title":"Left ventricular remodeling in long-term survivors after the arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries.","volume":"20","author":"Grotenhuis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.103.14.1875","article-title":"Myocardial blood flow and flow reserve after coronary reimplantation in patients after arterial switch and ross operation.","volume":"103","author":"Hauser","year":"2001","journal-title":"ACC Curr J Rev."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1527-5299.2000.80159.x","article-title":"Ventricular remodeling and the renin angiotensin aldosterone system.","volume":"6","author":"Patten","year":"2000","journal-title":"Congest Heart Fail."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.21920","article-title":"Cardiac hemodynamics in fetuses with transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum from diagnosis to end of pregnancy longitudinal follow-up.","volume":"57","author":"Lachaud","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2014.11.016","article-title":"Right ventricular assessment in adult congenital heart disease patients with right ventricle\u2013to\u2013pulmonary artery conduits.","volume":"28","author":"Miriam","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-016-1462-z","article-title":"Right heart function of fetuses and infants with large ventricular septal defect: a longitudinal case-control study.","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2017.01.017","article-title":"Usefulness of the prenatal echocardiogram in fetuses with isolated transposition of the great arteries to predict the need for balloon atrial septostomy.","volume":"119","author":"Vigneswaran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-015-1159-8","article-title":"The effects of hemodynamic alterations on lung volumes in fetuses with tetralogy of fallot: an MRI study.","volume":"36","author":"Berger-Kulemann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.99.9.1209","article-title":"Prenatal features of ductus arteriosus constriction and restrictive foramen ovale in d-transposition of the great arteries.","volume":"99","author":"Maeno","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.17370","article-title":"Cardiac output and blood flow redistribution in fetuses with D-loop transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum: insights into pathophysiology.","volume":"50","author":"Godfrey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2022.973395\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T20:43:10Z","timestamp":1673383390000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2022.973395\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]]},"references-count":23,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcvm.2022.973395"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2022.973395","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-055X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-055X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]]},"article-number":"973395"}}