{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:55:22Z","timestamp":1791219322616,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]],"date-time":"2022-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) is an essential test in the work-up of suspected pulmonary vascular disease including pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary embolism. Cardiac and great vessel assessments on CTPA are based on visual assessment and manual measurements which are known to have poor reproducibility. The primary aim of this study was to develop an automated whole heart segmentation (four chamber and great vessels) model for CTPA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A nine structure semantic segmentation model of the heart and great vessels was developed using 200 patients (80\/20\/100 training\/validation\/internal testing) with testing in 20 external patients. Ground truth segmentations were performed by consultant cardiothoracic radiologists. Failure analysis was conducted in 1,333 patients with mixed pulmonary vascular disease. Segmentation was achieved using deep learning <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> a convolutional neural network. Volumetric imaging biomarkers were correlated with invasive haemodynamics in the test cohort.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dice similarity coefficients (DSC) for segmented structures were in the range 0.58\u20130.93 for both the internal and external test cohorts. The left and right ventricle myocardium segmentations had lower DSC of 0.83 and 0.58 respectively while all other structures had DSC &amp;gt;0.89 in the internal test cohort and &amp;gt;0.87 in the external test cohort. Interobserver comparison found that the left and right ventricle myocardium segmentations showed the most variation between observers: mean DSC (range) of 0.795 (0.785\u20130.801) and 0.520 (0.482\u20130.542) respectively. Right ventricle myocardial volume had strong correlation with mean pulmonary artery pressure (Spearman's correlation coefficient = 0.7). The volume of segmented cardiac structures by deep learning had higher or equivalent correlation with invasive haemodynamics than by manual segmentations. The model demonstrated good generalisability to different vendors and hospitals with similar performance in the external test cohort. The failure rates in mixed pulmonary vascular disease were low (&amp;lt;3.9%) indicating good generalisability of the model to different diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fully automated segmentation of the four cardiac chambers and great vessels has been achieved in CTPA with high accuracy and low rates of failure. DL volumetric biomarkers can potentially improve CTPA cardiac assessment and invasive haemodynamic prediction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.983859","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]],"date-time":"2022-09-26T09:34:53Z","timestamp":1664184893000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Fully automatic cardiac four chamber and great vessel segmentation on CT pulmonary angiography using deep learning"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Sharkey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan C.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samer","family":"Alabed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krit","family":"Dwivedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kavitasagary","family":"Karunasaagarar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher S.","family":"Johns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Smitha","family":"Rajaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pankaj","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dheyaa","family":"Alkhanfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Metherall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Declan P.","family":"O'Regan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob J.","family":"van der Geest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Condliffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David G.","family":"Kiely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michail","family":"Mamalakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Swift","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2045894019841990","DOI":"10.1177\/2045894019841990","article-title":"EXPRESS: statement on imaging and pulmonary hypertension from the Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute (PVRI)","volume":"2019","author":"Kiely","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pulm Circ"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901647","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01647-2019","article-title":"2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS)","volume":"54","author":"Konstantinides","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Resp J."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.04455-2020","article-title":"Imaging of pulmonary hypertension in adults: a position paper from the Fleischner Society","volume":"57","author":"Remy-Jardin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.51032-2015","article-title":"2015 ESC\/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. 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