{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T05:53:54Z","timestamp":1769320434035,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heart failure (HF) is one of the most common causes of death in industrialized countries and increases steadily with age. Patients with HF present many comorbidities that affect their clinical management, quality of life, and prognosis. Iron deficiency is a relevant comorbidity of all patients with heart failure. It remains the most prevalent nutritional deficiency worldwide, affecting an estimated 2 billion people and has a negative prognostic impact on hospitalization and mortality rate. To date, none of the previous studies, have provided evidence of reduced mortality or decrease in hospitalization with intravenous iron supplementation. This review describes the prevalence, clinical implications, and current trials on the treatment of iron deficiency in heart failure and discusses the Improvement of exercise and functional capacity and quality of life in patients with heart failure by iron therapy. Despite compelling evidence of the significant prevalence of ID in HF patients and current guidelines, ID is often not properly managed in clinical practice. Therefore, ID should be given greater consideration in HF health care practice to improve patient quality of life and outcome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1025957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T08:56:22Z","timestamp":1684745782000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Improvement of exercise and functional capacity and quality of life in patients with heart failure by iron therapy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Deichl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Edelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2115","article-title":"Universal definition and classification of heart failure: a report of the heart failure society of America, heart failure association of the European society of cardiology, Japanese heart failure society and writing committee of the universal definition of heart failure","volume":"27","author":"Biykem","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e56","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000659","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics-2019 update: a report from the American heart association","volume":"139","author":"Emelia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4901","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab670","article-title":"Corrigendum to: 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: developed by the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European society of cardiology (ESC) with the special contribution of the heart failure association (HFA) of the ESC","volume":"42","author":"Theresa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709872","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.709872","article-title":"Iron deficiency: a new target for patients with heart failure","volume":"8","author":"Caterina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.640","article-title":"Myocardial iron content and mitochondrial function in human heart failure: a direct tissue analysis","volume":"19","author":"Vojtech","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-019-09815-z","article-title":"Iron deficiency as therapeutic target in heart failure: a translational approach","volume":"25","author":"Constantinos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.12.034","article-title":"A red carpet for iron metabolism","volume":"168","author":"Martina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13265","article-title":"Iron deficiency in heart failure","volume":"8","author":"Goran","year":"2021","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1092","article-title":"Iron deficiency and red cell indices in patients with heart failure: reply","volume":"20","author":"Tkaczyszyn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2018.07.015","article-title":"Iron deficiency in heart failure: an overview","volume":"7","author":"Stephan von","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.12.027","article-title":"The burden of iron deficiency in heart failure: therapeutic approach","volume":"71","author":"Rocha","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.473","article-title":"Effects of intravenous iron therapy in iron-deficient patients with systolic heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"18","author":"Jankowska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.823","article-title":"Effects of ferric carboxymaltose on hospitalisations and mortality rates in iron-deficient heart failure patients: an individual patient data meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Anker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"B14","year":""},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.184461","article-title":"Assessment of functional capacity in clinical and research settings: a scientific statement from the American heart association committee on exercise, rehabilitation, and prevention of the council on clinical cardiology and the council on cardiovascular nursing","volume":"116","author":"Arena","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-4-79","article-title":"Guidance for industry: patient-reported outcome measures: use in medical product development to support labeling claims: draft guidance","volume":"4","year":"2006","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2017.05.015","article-title":"Patient-reported outcome and observer-reported outcome assessment in rare disease clinical trials: an ISPOR COA emerging good practices task force report","volume":"20","author":"Benjamin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.55","article-title":"Disease-specific health status as a predictor of mortality in patients with heart failure: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"16","author":"Mastenbroek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-013-9394-7","article-title":"Assessing health-related quality of life in patients with heart failure: a systematic, standardized comparison of available measures","volume":"19","author":"Garin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1838","article-title":"Improving exercise capacity and quality of life using non-invasive heart failure treatments: evidence from clinical trials","volume":"23","author":"von Haehling","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2021.0372","article-title":"Comparison of New York heart association class and patient-reported outcomes for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction","volume":"6","author":"Greene","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2007.06.007","article-title":"Symptom distress and quality of life in patients with advanced congestive heart failure","volume":"35","author":"Blinderman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3111","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.673442","article-title":"Sex differences in clinical characteristics and prognosis in a broad spectrum of patients with heart failure: results of the candesartan in heart failure: assessment of reduction in mortality and morbidity (CHARM) program","volume":"115","author":"O'Meara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.113.000829","article-title":"Barriers to the use of patient-reported outcomes in clinical care","volume":"7","author":"Spertus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2016.04.010","article-title":"Patient-reported outcomes in chronic heart failure: applicability for regulatory approval","volume":"4","author":"Psotka","year":"2016","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.04.181","article-title":"IRON-HF study: a randomized trial to assess the effects of iron in heart failure patients with anemia","volume":"168","author":"Beck-da-Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.5427","article-title":"Effect of oral iron repletion on exercise capacity in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and iron deficiency: the IRONOUT HF randomized clinical trial","volume":"317","author":"Lewis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2333","article-title":"2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: developed by the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European society of cardiology (ESC). with the special contribution of the heart failure association (HFA) of the ESC","volume":"24","author":"Authors\/Task","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0908355","article-title":"Ferric carboxymaltose in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency","volume":"361","author":"Anker","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu385","article-title":"Beneficial effects of long-term intravenous iron therapy with ferric carboxymaltose in patients with symptomatic heart failure and iron deficiencydagger","volume":"36","author":"Ponikowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.027497","article-title":"Effect of ferric carboxymaltose on exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure and iron deficiency","volume":"136","author":"van Veldhuisen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32339-4","article-title":"Ferric carboxymaltose for iron deficiency at discharge after acute heart failure: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, controlled trial","volume":"396","author":"Ponikowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12179","article-title":"Budget impact of intravenous iron therapy with ferric carboxymaltose in patients with chronic heart failure and iron deficiency in Germany","volume":"4","author":"Theidel","year":"2017","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0255104","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255104","article-title":"Efficacy and cost effectiveness of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose versus iron sucrose in adult patients with iron deficiency anaemia","volume":"16","author":"Basha","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B35","year":""},{"key":"B36","year":""},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12400","article-title":"Differences between intravenous iron products: focus on treatment of iron deficiency in chronic heart failure patients","volume":"6","author":"Martin-Malo","year":"2019","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14276","article-title":"Iron therapy and severe arrhythmias in HFrEF: rationale, study design, and baseline results of the RESAFE-HF trial","volume":"10","author":"Bakogiannis","year":"2023","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.592","article-title":"2016 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European society of cardiology (ESC). developed with the special contribution of the heart failure association (HFA) of the ESC","volume":"18","author":"Ponikowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1025957\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T08:56:24Z","timestamp":1684745784000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1025957\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1025957"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1025957","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-055X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-055X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]]},"article-number":"1025957"}}