{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T22:11:47Z","timestamp":1792102307595,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The association between tobacco use and hypertension risk has been extensively researched but remains controversial, and few existing studies have considered the role of tobacco type and dosage response in this association. In this context, this study aims to provide epidemiological evidence for the possible relationship between tobacco smoking and future hypertension risk, with the tobacco type and consumption dose into consideration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was based on 10-year follow-up data from the Guizhou Population Health Cohort conducted in southwest China. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals [95% confidence intervals (CIs)], and restricted cubic spline analyses were performed to visualize the dose-response association.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 5,625 participants (2,563 males and 3,062 females) were included in the final analysis. Heavy smokers of machine-rolled cigarettes had an elevated hypertension risk compared with non-smokers (HR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.05\u20132.16). The interaction effects of heavy smoking-heavy drinking patterns increased the future hypertension risk, with an adjusted HR of 2.58 (95% CI: 1.06\u20136.33).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study did not find a significant association between overall tobacco use status and the risk of hypertension. However, heavy machine-rolled cigarette smokers had a statistically significant increased risk of hypertension compared with non-smokers, and a J-shape association has been found between the average daily consumption of machine-rolled cigarettes and the risk of hypertension. Besides, tobacco and alcohol consumption jointly increased the long-term hypertension risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1027988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T03:05:43Z","timestamp":1675911943000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Assessing the association between smoking and hypertension: Smoking status, type of tobacco products, and interaction with alcohol consumption"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ningxin","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yawen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisha","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaowei","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hypertension: Key Facts."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032380","article-title":"Status of hypertension in china: results from the China hypertension survey, 2012-2015.","volume":"137","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.02.052","article-title":"Primary aldosteronism in patients in China with recently detected hypertension.","volume":"75","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61199-5","article-title":"Premature deaths attributable to blood pressure in China: a prospective cohort study.","volume":"374","author":"He","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32478-9","article-title":"Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in China: data from 1.7 million adults in a population-based screening study (China PEACE Million Persons Project).","volume":"390","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B6","year":"2021","journal-title":"WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2021: Addressing New and Emerging Products"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.19.0106","article-title":"Tobacco control in China and the road to Healthy China 2030.","volume":"24","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2011.02062.x","article-title":"Tobacco smoking in China: prevalence, disease burden, challenges and future strategies.","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respirology."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2006.12.017","article-title":"Acute effects of cigarette smoking on arterial stiffness and blood pressure in male smokers with hypertension.","volume":"20","author":"Rhee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32833310e0","article-title":"The association between smoking and hypertension in a population-based sample of Vietnamese men.","volume":"28","author":"Au Bich","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hypertens."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcnurse.2005.03.004","article-title":"Does smoking affect blood pressure and heart rate?","volume":"4","author":"Al-Safi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1161\/01.hyp.37.2.187","article-title":"Association between smoking and blood pressure: evidence from the health survey for England.","volume":"37","author":"Primatesta","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hypertension."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(86)90645-9","article-title":"Blood pressure in smokers and nonsmokers: epidemiologic findings.","volume":"111","author":"Green","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am Heart J."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.019566","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and longitudinal associations with blood pressure: the CARDIA study.","volume":"10","author":"Luehrs","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02246162","article-title":"Subjective and cardiovascular responses to nicotine combined with alcohol in male and female smokers.","volume":"119","author":"Perkins","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGENETICS.115.001225","article-title":"Effect of smoking on blood pressure and resting heart rate a mendelian randomization meta-analysis in the CARTA consortium.","volume":"8","author":"Linneberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Genet."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17082824","article-title":"The paradox association between smoking and blood pressure among half million chinese people.","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182211781","article-title":"Effects of alcohol consumption and smoking on the onset of hypertension in a long-term longitudinal study in a male workers\u2019 cohort.","volume":"18","author":"Nagao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15026","article-title":"2020 international society of hypertension global hypertension practice guidelines.","volume":"75","author":"Unger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19073801","article-title":"Association between drinking patterns and incident hypertension in southwest China.","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4802-x","article-title":"The association between smoking and blood pressure in men: a cross-sectional study.","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/08037051.2017.1344539","article-title":"Association between cotinine-verified smoking status and hypertension in 167,868 Korean adults.","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Pressure."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2003.10.005","article-title":"An association between smoking habits and blood pressure in normotensive Japanese men: a 5-year follow-up study.","volume":"73","author":"Okubo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112338-20200312-00320","article-title":"A prospective cohort study on the association between smoking and blood pressure among middle-aged and elderly people.","volume":"41","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liuxingbingxue Zazhi."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3109\/08037051.2013.838828","article-title":"Cigarette smoking is associated with increased diastolic blood pressure among Chinese nonagenarians\/centenarians.","volume":"23","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood Press."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.217.37","article-title":"Smoking as an independent risk factor for hypertension: a 14-year longitudinal study in male Japanese workers.","volume":"217","author":"Dochi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.08.017","article-title":"A prospective study of cigarette smoking and risk of incident hypertension in women.","volume":"50","author":"Bowman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2018.01.004","article-title":"Relationship of smoking to hypertension in a developing country.","volume":"13","author":"Sohn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob Heart."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2014.06.002","article-title":"Detection of cigarettes and other tobacco products by giant African pouched rats (Cricetomys gambianus).","volume":"9","author":"Mahoney","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Veter Behav Clin Appl Res."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69248-5_3","article-title":"Nicotine content and delivery across tobacco products.","volume":"192","author":"Djordjevic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Handb Exp Pharmacol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2007.05.003","article-title":"A comparative study of the mutagenicity of various types of tobacco products.","volume":"48","author":"Rickert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djh144","article-title":"Association between exclusive pipe smoking and mortality from cancer and other diseases.","volume":"96","author":"Henley","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg206","article-title":"Pipe and cigar smoking and major cardiovascular events, cancer incidence and all-cause mortality in middle-aged British men.","volume":"32","author":"Shaper","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2016.1189927","article-title":"An overview of alcohol and tobacco\/nicotine interactions in the human laboratory.","volume":"43","author":"Verplaetse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.2174\/138161210792062920","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and hypertension.","volume":"16","author":"Virdis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.2174\/187152710790966597","article-title":"Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as pharmacotherapeutic targets for the treatment of alcohol use disorders.","volume":"9","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2010","journal-title":"CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1027988\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T03:05:50Z","timestamp":1675911950000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1027988\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1027988"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1027988","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-055X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-055X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]},"article-number":"1027988"}}