{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T08:02:24Z","timestamp":1781596944876,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Microbiome has been linked to the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD) but data providing direct evidence for an association of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) with CAD are lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the role of propionate, the most important SCFA in patients with CAD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed a cross-sectional study enrolling patients admitted for invasive coronary angiography in two university hospitals in Germany. Patients with known or suspected CAD and risk factors for cardiovascular disease were prospectively recruited. Blood sampling was performed after overnight fasting and before invasive procedures. Measurement of propionate was performed by liquid chromatography.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study included 1,253 patients (median [IQR], 67 [58\u201376] years; 799 men [64%]). A total of 739 had invasively confirmed CAD with at least one coronary artery stenosis \u226550% and 514 had exclusion of CAD. CAD patients had significant lower levels of propionate (median 5.75\u2009\u03bcM, IQR, 4.1\u20137.6) compared to the non-CAD groups 6.53\u2009\u03bcM (4.6\u20138.6, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed an odds ratio of 0.94 (CI 0.90\u20130.98, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002) for propionate as predictor of CAD. The odds ratio was further decreased to 0.45 (CI 0.31\u20130.65, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) when comparing patients in the lowest quartile of propionate with those with higher levels of propionate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study provides large-scale <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> data for the association of propionate to manifest coronary artery disease, independent of other traditional cardiovascular risk factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1063296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T04:54:45Z","timestamp":1675227285000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Association of plasma propionate concentration with coronary artery disease in a large cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Pagonas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix S.","family":"Seibert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Liebisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximillian","family":"Seidel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodoros","family":"Giannakopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Sasko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Ritter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Babel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timm H.","family":"Westhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.RV17006","article-title":"Are short chain fatty acids in gut microbiota defensive players for inflammation and atherosclerosis?","volume":"24","author":"Ohira","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Atheroscler Thromb"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00089.2016","article-title":"Microbial short chain fatty acid metabolites lower blood pressure via endothelial G protein-coupled receptor 41","volume":"48","author":"Natarajan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol Genomics"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4410","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1215927110","article-title":"Olfactory receptor responding to gut microbiota-derived signals plays a 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metabolism","volume":"43","author":"Haghikia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18084242","article-title":"Gut microbiota and environment in coronary artery disease","volume":"18","author":"Piccioni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9040121","article-title":"Quantification of fecal short chain fatty acids by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry-investigation of pre-analytic stability","volume":"9","author":"Liebisch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomol Ther"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3760","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05767-4","article-title":"The gut microbiota promotes hepatic fatty acid desaturation and elongation in mice","volume":"9","author":"Kindt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2269-x","article-title":"Statin therapy is associated with lower prevalence of gut microbiota dysbiosis","volume":"581","author":"Vieira-Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cardiovascular 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