{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T02:03:57Z","timestamp":1790388237740,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cardiovasc. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the major cause of cardiovascular mortality worldwide. Most ischemic episodes are triggered by an increase in heart rate, which induces an imbalance between myocardial oxygen delivery and consumption. Developing drugs that selectively reduce heart rate by inhibiting ion channels involved in heart rate control could provide more clinical benefits. The Ca<jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub>1.3-mediated L-type Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> current (<jats:italic>I<jats:sub>Cav1.3<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>) play important roles in the generation of heart rate. Therefore, they can constitute relevant targets for selective control of heart rate and cardioprotection during AMI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>We aimed to investigate the relationship between heart rate and infarct size using mouse strains knockout for Ca<jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub>1.3 (<jats:italic>Ca<jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub>1.3<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic>) L-type calcium channel and of the cardiac G protein gated potassium channel (<jats:italic>Girk4<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic>) in association with the funny (f)-channel inhibitor ivabradine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Wild-type (WT), <jats:italic>Ca<jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub>1.3<jats:sup>+\/\u2212<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Ca<jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub>1.3<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Girk4<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> mice were used as models of respectively normal heart rate, moderate heart rate reduction, bradycardia, and mild tachycardia, respectively. Mice underwent a surgical protocol of myocardial IR (40\u2005min ischemia and 60\u2005min reperfusion). Heart rate was recorded by one-lead surface ECG recording, and infarct size measured by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining. In addition, <jats:italic>Ca<jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub>1.3<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> and WT hearts perfused on a Langendorff system were subjected to the same ischemia-reperfusion protocol <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>, without or with atrial pacing, and the coronary flow was recorded.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Ca<jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub>1.3<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> mice presented reduced infarct size (\u221229%), while <jats:italic>Girk4<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> displayed increased infarct size (+30%) compared to WT mice. Consistently, heart rate reduction in <jats:italic>Ca<jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub>1.3<jats:sup>+\/\u2212<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> or by the f-channel blocker ivabradine was associated with significant decrease in infarct size (\u221227% and \u221232%, respectively) in comparison to WT mice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results show that decreasing heart rate allows to protect the myocardium against IR injury <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> and reveal a close relationship between basal heart rate and IR injury. In addition, this study suggests that targeting Ca<jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub>1.3 channels could constitute a relevant target for reducing infarct size, since maximal heart rate dependent cardioprotective effect is already observed in <jats:italic>Ca<jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub>1.3<jats:sup>+\/\u2212<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> mice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1134503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T15:14:09Z","timestamp":1690902849000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Heart rate reduction after genetic ablation of L-type Cav1.3 channels induces cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Viviana","family":"Delgado-Betancourt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kroekkiat","family":"Chinda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Mesirca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Barr\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aur\u00e9lie","family":"Covinhes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Gallot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Bidaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarawut","family":"Kumphune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00ebl","family":"Nargeot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Piot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Wickman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo Elia","family":"Mangoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phanie","family":"Barr\u00e8re-Lemaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.11.019","article-title":"2013 ACCF\/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American college of cardiology foundation\/American heart association task force on practice guidelines","volume":"61","author":"O'Gara","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.43.1.67","article-title":"Factors influencing infarct size following experimental coronary artery occlusions","volume":"43","author":"Maroko","year":"1971","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2717","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107091","article-title":"Coronary artery reperfusion. 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